圈养林麝(Moschus berezovskii)行为特征及影响因素
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摘要
【目的】探究圈养林麝(Moschus berezovskii)的行为特征及影响因素,实现对濒危麝类动物的成功迁地保育及麝类的高生产力驯养。【方法】于2016年6—8月和2017年5—7月间,综合运用焦点取样和连续记录法对四川省马尔康繁育中心的圈养林麝进行行为取样,分析林麝行为特征及与性别、环境异质性和密度等因素的关系。【结果】站立、运动和环境探究是林麝展现最多的行为,雌麝的行为表达更多样、集中度更低;圈舍环境可影响圈养林麝的行为格局,草地圈群集中度最低,且有觅食和食草行为的表达;中密度圈群的行为相对更为分散;混合圈群林麝的行为集中度最低。【结论】通过提高圈舍植被覆盖度,构建合理密度的混合圈群可有效改善圈养林麝的行为表达模式,利于对濒危林麝的成功驯养、迁地保育和可持续利用。
【Objective】This study was conducted to explore the behavior patterns and their influence factors of captive forest musk deer, for the further improvement of the ex situ conservation and the domestication efficiency of the musk deer species.【Method】Focal sampling and continuous recording methods were used to collect the behaviors of captive forest musk deer(Moschus berezovskii) at Maerkang Musk Deer Farm(MMDF), Sichuan Province,from June to August 2016, and May to July 2017, respectively. The relationships between gender, environmental heterogeneity, density as well as other factors and the behavior patterns of forest musk deer were analyzed.【Result】Our results indicated that standing, movement and environmental exploration were the most observed behaviors of forest musk deer. Female deer showed more variety and less concentration in their behaviors compared with the males. Housing environment was an important ethological factor for the deer. Density can impact on the concentration ratio of behavior,medium density groups has more dispersed behaviors. Lower concentration ratios of behavior were observed in female groups and mixed groups.【Conclusion】By improving the vegetation coverage of the enclosures and constructing a mixed group with reasonable density, the behavior patterns of captive forest musk deer can be effectively improved, which is benefit to improve the domestication, ex-situ conservation and sustainable use of the forest musk deer.
【Objective】This study was conducted to explore the behavior patterns and their influence factors of captive forest musk deer, for the further improvement of the ex situ conservation and the domestication efficiency of the musk deer species.【Method】Focal sampling and continuous recording methods were used to collect the behaviors of captive forest musk deer(Moschus berezovskii) at Maerkang Musk Deer Farm(MMDF), Sichuan Province,from June to August 2016, and May to July 2017, respectively. The relationships between gender, environmental heterogeneity, density as well as other factors and the behavior patterns of forest musk deer were analyzed.【Result】Our results indicated that standing, movement and environmental exploration were the most observed behaviors of forest musk deer. Female deer showed more variety and less concentration in their behaviors compared with the males. Housing environment was an important ethological factor for the deer. Density can impact on the concentration ratio of behavior,medium density groups has more dispersed behaviors. Lower concentration ratios of behavior were observed in female groups and mixed groups.【Conclusion】By improving the vegetation coverage of the enclosures and constructing a mixed group with reasonable density, the behavior patterns of captive forest musk deer can be effectively improved, which is benefit to improve the domestication, ex-situ conservation and sustainable use of the forest musk deer.
引文
[1]盛和林,刘志霄.中国麝科动物[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2007:108-119.
[2]宋兴超,杨福合,邢秀梅.中国麝科动物的种类,分布,价值及其保护对策[J].特种经济动植物,2008(9):5-7.
[3]顾垒,闻丞,罗玫,等.中国最受关注濒危物种保护现状快速评价的新方法探讨[J].生物多样性,2015, 23(5):583-590.
[4] IUCN. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.version 2015-4[EB/OL].[2018-06-20]. http://www.iucnredlist.org.
[5]刘文华,佟建明.中国的麝资源及其保护与利用现状分析[J].中国农业科技导报,2005, 7(4):28-32.
[6]戚文华,汪小方,杨承忠,等.圈养林麝夏季昼夜活动节律及时间分配[J].四川动物,2013, 32(1):19-22.
[7]许珂,卜书海,梁宗锁,等.林麝研究进展[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2014(7):147-150.
[8] YANG Q S, MENG X X, XIA L, et al. Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer(Moschus spp.)in China[J].Bio-logical Conservation, 2003, 109(3):333-342.
[9]蒋志刚,动物行为原理与物种保护方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:43-70.
[10] ZHOU Y J, MENG X X, FENG J C, et al. Review of the distri bution,status and conservation of musk deer in China[J]. Folia Zoologica, 2004, 53(2):129-140.
[11]王丽冰.野放海南坡鹿(Cervus seldi hainanus)的行为格局与生境评价[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2010.
[12]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯柞建,等.圈养马麝夏秋冬活动格局的比较[J].兽类学报,2002, 22(2):87-97.
[13]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.野捕和圈养繁殖雄性马麝行为格局的比较[J].应用生态学报,2006, 17(11):2084-2087.
[14]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.不同来源雌性圈养马麝行为格局的比较研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2007, 29(6):647-651.
[15]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义[J].四川动物,2007, 26(1):46-50.
[16]张东晶.圈养马麝行为特征与类固醇激素水平关系的比较研究[D].北京:中央民族大学,2009.
[17] JENNINGS M J, PHILIPP D P. Female choice and male competition in longear sunfish[J]. Behavioral Ecology,1992,3(1):84-94.
[18] SCHOENECKER B, HELLER K E, FREIMANIS T. Development of stereotypies and polydipsia in wild caught bank voles(Clethrionomys glareoluas)and their laboratory-bred offspring:Is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus?[J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2000, 68(4):349-357.
[19]郭建,程晓峰,巨云为,等.冶勒自然保护区林麝对生境选择的研究[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(2):183-185.
[20]魏辅文,王维,杨光,等.四川马边大风顶自然保护区林麝种群密度初步分析[J].四川动物,1995, 14(2):66-67.
[21]吴民耀,王念,惠董娜,等.林麝保护的现状及研究进展[J].重庆理工大学学报(自然科学版),2011,25(1):34-39.
[22] PITTS A D, WEARY D M, PAJOR E A, et al. Mixing at young ages reduces fighting in unacquainted domestic pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2000, 68(3):191-197.
[23]高耀亭.麝和麝香:我国重要动物资源[J].动物学杂志,1986,21(4):41-44.
[24] MENG X X, ZHOU C Q, HU J C, et al. The musk deer farming in China[J]. Animal Science, 2006, 82(1):1-6.
[25]徐正强,徐宏发.饲养林麝的种群特征和幼麝的存活研究[J].兽类学报,2003, 23(1):17-20.
[26] BOZICOVICH T F M,MOURA A S A M T,FERNANDES S,et al. Effect of environmental enrichment and composition of the social group on the behavior,welfare, and relative brain weight of growing rabbits[J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2016,182:72-79.
[27] CONRADT L. Could asynchrony in activity between the sexes cause intersexual social segregation in ruminants?[J]. Proceedings Biological Sciences, 1998, 265(1403):1359-1363.
[2]宋兴超,杨福合,邢秀梅.中国麝科动物的种类,分布,价值及其保护对策[J].特种经济动植物,2008(9):5-7.
[3]顾垒,闻丞,罗玫,等.中国最受关注濒危物种保护现状快速评价的新方法探讨[J].生物多样性,2015, 23(5):583-590.
[4] IUCN. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.version 2015-4[EB/OL].[2018-06-20]. http://www.iucnredlist.org.
[5]刘文华,佟建明.中国的麝资源及其保护与利用现状分析[J].中国农业科技导报,2005, 7(4):28-32.
[6]戚文华,汪小方,杨承忠,等.圈养林麝夏季昼夜活动节律及时间分配[J].四川动物,2013, 32(1):19-22.
[7]许珂,卜书海,梁宗锁,等.林麝研究进展[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2014(7):147-150.
[8] YANG Q S, MENG X X, XIA L, et al. Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer(Moschus spp.)in China[J].Bio-logical Conservation, 2003, 109(3):333-342.
[9]蒋志刚,动物行为原理与物种保护方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:43-70.
[10] ZHOU Y J, MENG X X, FENG J C, et al. Review of the distri bution,status and conservation of musk deer in China[J]. Folia Zoologica, 2004, 53(2):129-140.
[11]王丽冰.野放海南坡鹿(Cervus seldi hainanus)的行为格局与生境评价[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2010.
[12]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯柞建,等.圈养马麝夏秋冬活动格局的比较[J].兽类学报,2002, 22(2):87-97.
[13]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.野捕和圈养繁殖雄性马麝行为格局的比较[J].应用生态学报,2006, 17(11):2084-2087.
[14]孟秀祥,杨奇森,冯祚建,等.不同来源雌性圈养马麝行为格局的比较研究[J].吉林农业大学学报,2007, 29(6):647-651.
[15]孟秀祥,冯金朝,周宜君,等.麝类行为谱的初步建构及行为型的描述性定义[J].四川动物,2007, 26(1):46-50.
[16]张东晶.圈养马麝行为特征与类固醇激素水平关系的比较研究[D].北京:中央民族大学,2009.
[17] JENNINGS M J, PHILIPP D P. Female choice and male competition in longear sunfish[J]. Behavioral Ecology,1992,3(1):84-94.
[18] SCHOENECKER B, HELLER K E, FREIMANIS T. Development of stereotypies and polydipsia in wild caught bank voles(Clethrionomys glareoluas)and their laboratory-bred offspring:Is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus?[J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2000, 68(4):349-357.
[19]郭建,程晓峰,巨云为,等.冶勒自然保护区林麝对生境选择的研究[J].应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(2):183-185.
[20]魏辅文,王维,杨光,等.四川马边大风顶自然保护区林麝种群密度初步分析[J].四川动物,1995, 14(2):66-67.
[21]吴民耀,王念,惠董娜,等.林麝保护的现状及研究进展[J].重庆理工大学学报(自然科学版),2011,25(1):34-39.
[22] PITTS A D, WEARY D M, PAJOR E A, et al. Mixing at young ages reduces fighting in unacquainted domestic pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2000, 68(3):191-197.
[23]高耀亭.麝和麝香:我国重要动物资源[J].动物学杂志,1986,21(4):41-44.
[24] MENG X X, ZHOU C Q, HU J C, et al. The musk deer farming in China[J]. Animal Science, 2006, 82(1):1-6.
[25]徐正强,徐宏发.饲养林麝的种群特征和幼麝的存活研究[J].兽类学报,2003, 23(1):17-20.
[26] BOZICOVICH T F M,MOURA A S A M T,FERNANDES S,et al. Effect of environmental enrichment and composition of the social group on the behavior,welfare, and relative brain weight of growing rabbits[J]. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2016,182:72-79.
[27] CONRADT L. Could asynchrony in activity between the sexes cause intersexual social segregation in ruminants?[J]. Proceedings Biological Sciences, 1998, 265(1403):1359-1363.