宫颈腺癌的病因学研究进展
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摘要
宫颈癌是全球第二大女性恶性肿瘤,每年约有52万新发病例。随着宫颈癌筛查技术和策略的不断完善,宫颈鳞癌的发病率有所下降,而宫颈腺癌的发病率仍不断上升。宫颈腺癌的治疗策略和生物学行为与宫颈鳞癌不同,预后较差。虽然对宫颈腺癌的研究越来越多,但其病因尚未明确,主要包括以下4个方面:①长期持续的高危型人乳头瘤病毒感染;②表观遗传变异、细胞突变和细胞凋亡等分子生物学因素;③慢性炎症反应导致的肿瘤微环境改变;④性行为、激素水平和生育因素等个体异质性。由于宫颈腺癌难以发现、进展迅速且预后差,迫切需要对其病因进行深入了解,寻找更佳的预防措施。现综述国内外宫颈腺癌病因学研究进展,为今后宫颈腺癌预防策略的制定提供参考。
Cervical cancer is the second-largest female malignancy in the world, with about 520,000 new cases a year. With the continuous improvement of cervical cancer screening technology and strategy, the incidence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma has decreased, while the incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma is still rising. The treatment strategy and biological behavior of cervical adenocarcinoma are different from cervical squamous cell carcinoma and the prognosis of cervical adenocarcinoma is poor.Although more and more studies have been conducted on cervical adenocarcinoma, its etiology is still unclear, mainly including the following four aspects:①The infection of long-term continuous high-risk human papillomavirus.②Molecular biological factors such as epigenetic variation, cell mutation and apoptosis.③ Changes in tumor microenvironment caused by chronic inflammation.④Sexual behavior, hormone levels and reproductive factors and other individual heterogeneity. Cervical adenocarcinoma is difficult to be detected, progresses rapidly and has a poor prognosis, so it is urgent to have a deep understanding of its etiology and find better preventive measures. This paper is summarized the research progress of cervical adenocarcinoma etiology at home and abroad, and provided reference for the formulation of cervical adenocarcinoma prevention strategies in the future.
Cervical cancer is the second-largest female malignancy in the world, with about 520,000 new cases a year. With the continuous improvement of cervical cancer screening technology and strategy, the incidence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma has decreased, while the incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma is still rising. The treatment strategy and biological behavior of cervical adenocarcinoma are different from cervical squamous cell carcinoma and the prognosis of cervical adenocarcinoma is poor.Although more and more studies have been conducted on cervical adenocarcinoma, its etiology is still unclear, mainly including the following four aspects:①The infection of long-term continuous high-risk human papillomavirus.②Molecular biological factors such as epigenetic variation, cell mutation and apoptosis.③ Changes in tumor microenvironment caused by chronic inflammation.④Sexual behavior, hormone levels and reproductive factors and other individual heterogeneity. Cervical adenocarcinoma is difficult to be detected, progresses rapidly and has a poor prognosis, so it is urgent to have a deep understanding of its etiology and find better preventive measures. This paper is summarized the research progress of cervical adenocarcinoma etiology at home and abroad, and provided reference for the formulation of cervical adenocarcinoma prevention strategies in the future.
引文
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[23]Zheng RR,Huang M,Jin C,et al.Cervical cancer systemic inflammation score:a novel predictor of prognosis[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(12):15230-15242.
[24]Jia L,Li F,Shao M,et al.IL-8 is upregulated in cervical cancer tissues and is associated with the proliferation and migration of HeLa cervical cancer cells[J].Oncol Lett,2018,15(1):1350-1356.
[25]Sutherland JR,Sales KJ,Jabbour HN,et al.Seminal plasma enhances cervical adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and tumour growth in vivo[J].PLoS One,2012,7(3):e33848.
[26]International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer.Comparison of risk factors for invasive squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix:collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 8,097 women with squamous cell carcinoma and1,374 women with adenocarcinoma from 12 epidemiological studies[J].Int J Cancer,2007,120(4):885-891.
[27]Smith JS,Green J,Berrington de Gonzalez A,et al.Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives:a systematic review[J].Lancet,2003,361(9364):1159-1167.
[28]Benedetto C,Salvagno F,Canuto EM,et al.Obesity and female malignancies[J].Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol,2015,29(4):528-540.
[29]Lacey JV Jr,Swanson CA,Brinton LA,et al.Obesity as a potential risk factor for adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix[J].Cancer,2003,98(4):814-821.
[30]Green J,Berrington de Gonzalez A,Sweetland S,et al.Risk factors for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in women aged 20-44 years:the UK National Case-Control Study of Cervical Cancer[J].Br J Cancer,2003,89(11):2078-2086.
[2]Isidean SD,Wang Y,Mayrand MH,et al.Assessing the Time Dependence of Prognostic Values of Cytology and Human Papillomavirus Testing in Cervical Cancer Screening[J].Int JCancer,2018.[Epub ahead of print]
[3]Goodman J,Lynch H.Improving the International Agency for Research on Cancer′s consideration of mechanistic evidence[J].Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2017,319:39-46.
[4]van der Horst J,Siebers AG,Bulten J,et al.Increasing incidence of invasive and in situ cervical adenocarcinoma in the Netherlands during 2004-2013[J].Cancer Med,2017,6(2):416-423.
[5]Pirog EC.Cervical Adenocarcinoma:Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus-Positive and Human Papillomavirus-Negative Tumors[J].Arch Pathol Lab Med,2017,141(12):1653-1667.
[6]Chen W,Molijn A,Enqi W,et al.The variable clinicopathological categories and role of human papillomavirus in cervical adenocarcinoma:A hospital based nation-wide multi-center retrospective study across China[J].Int J Cancer,2016,139(12):2687-2697.
[7]Chen W,Sun H,Molijn A,et al.The Variable Characteristics of Human Papillomavirus in Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of Cervix in China[J].J Low Genit Tract Dis,2018,22(4):355-361.
[8]Mabuchi Y,Yahata T,Kobayashi A,et al.Clinicopathologic Factors of Cervical Adenocarcinoma Stages IB to IIB[J].Int J Gynecol Cancer,2015,25(9):1677-1682.
[9]Molijn A,Jenkins D,Chen W,et al.The complex relationship between human papillomavirus and cervical adenocarcinoma[J].Int J Cancer,2016,138(2):409-416.
[10]Yuanyue L,Baloch Z,Shanshan L,et al.Cervical Cancer,Human Papillomavirus Infection,and Vaccine-Related Knowledge:Awareness in Chinese Women[J].Cancer Control,2018,25(1):1073274818799306.
[11]Laengsri V,Kerdpin U,Plabplueng C,et al.Cervical Cancer Markers:Epigenetics and microRNAs[J].Lab Med,2018,49(2):97-111.
[12]Kabekkodu SP,Chakrabarty S,Ghosh S,et al.Epigenomics,Pharmacoepigenomics,and Personalized Medicine in Cervical Cancer[J].Public Health Genomics,2017,20(2):100-115.
[13]Lin YW,Chung MT,Lai HC,et al.Methylation analysis of SFRPgenes family in cervical adenocarcinoma[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2009,135(12):1665-1674.
[14]Kang S,Kim JW,Kang GH,et al.Comparison of DNAhypermethylation patterns in different types of uterine cancer:cervical squamous cell carcinoma,cervical adenocarcinoma and endometrial adenocarcinoma[J].Int J Cancer,2006,118(9):2168-2171.
[15]Tornesello ML,Buonaguro L,Buonaguro FM.Mutations of the TP53gene in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix:a systematic review[J].Gynecol Oncol,2013,128(3):442-448.
[16]Ojesina AI,Lichtenstein L,Freeman SS,et al.Landscape of genomic alterations in cervical carcinomas[J].Nature,2014,506(7488):371-375.
[17]Forbes SA,Tang G,Bindal N,et al.COSMIC(the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer):a resource to investigate acquired mutations in human cancer[J].Nucleic Acids Res,2010,38:652-657.
[18]Wright AA,Howitt BE,Myers AP,et al.Oncogenic mutations in cervical cancer:genomic differences between adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix[J].Cancer,2013,119(21):3776-3783.
[19]Yang PM,Chou CJ,Tseng SH,et al.Bioinformatics and in vitro experimental analyses identify the selective therapeutic potential of interferon gamma and apigenin against cervical squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma[J].Oncotarget,2017,8(28):46145-46162.
[20]Guo P,Wang J,Liu J,et al.Macrophage immigration inhibitory factor promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of cervical adenocarcinoma[J].Tumor Biol,2015,36(7):5095-5102.
[21]Andrejeva G,Rathmell JC.Similarities and Distinctions of Cancer and Immune Metabolism in Inflammation and Tumors[J].Cell Metab,2017,26(1):49-70.
[22]Adefuye AO,Sales KJ,Katz AA.Seminal plasma induces the expression of IL-1αin normal and neoplastic cervical cells via EP2/EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway[J].J Mol Signal,2014,9:8.
[23]Zheng RR,Huang M,Jin C,et al.Cervical cancer systemic inflammation score:a novel predictor of prognosis[J].Oncotarget,2016,7(12):15230-15242.
[24]Jia L,Li F,Shao M,et al.IL-8 is upregulated in cervical cancer tissues and is associated with the proliferation and migration of HeLa cervical cancer cells[J].Oncol Lett,2018,15(1):1350-1356.
[25]Sutherland JR,Sales KJ,Jabbour HN,et al.Seminal plasma enhances cervical adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and tumour growth in vivo[J].PLoS One,2012,7(3):e33848.
[26]International Collaboration of Epidemiological Studies of Cervical Cancer.Comparison of risk factors for invasive squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix:collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 8,097 women with squamous cell carcinoma and1,374 women with adenocarcinoma from 12 epidemiological studies[J].Int J Cancer,2007,120(4):885-891.
[27]Smith JS,Green J,Berrington de Gonzalez A,et al.Cervical cancer and use of hormonal contraceptives:a systematic review[J].Lancet,2003,361(9364):1159-1167.
[28]Benedetto C,Salvagno F,Canuto EM,et al.Obesity and female malignancies[J].Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol,2015,29(4):528-540.
[29]Lacey JV Jr,Swanson CA,Brinton LA,et al.Obesity as a potential risk factor for adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the uterine cervix[J].Cancer,2003,98(4):814-821.
[30]Green J,Berrington de Gonzalez A,Sweetland S,et al.Risk factors for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix in women aged 20-44 years:the UK National Case-Control Study of Cervical Cancer[J].Br J Cancer,2003,89(11):2078-2086.