激光三维成像中光电混频技术的研究进展
|
摘要
阐述了光电混频技术的基本原理。基于独立光电器件和组合光电器件两种实现途径,追踪并归纳了光电混频技术的研究进展。受微波光子变频技术的启发,提出了一种基于体型电光调制器的光电混频方法。该方法使用电光调制器在光场进行混频解调,后端采用高分辨率、低成本的图像传感器,突破了阵列尺寸对图像分辨率的限制,具有高能量利用率、高信噪比的优势。
The basic principle of the photoelectric mixing technology is elaborated.The research progress of the photoelectric mixing technology is traced and summarized from two ways of the independent photoelectric devices and the combined photoelectric devices.Inspired by the microwave photon frequency conversion technology,a photoelectric mixing method is proposed based on the bulk electro-optic modulator.This method uses the electrooptic modulator to demodulate the frequency mixing on the optical field and uses the high-resolution and low-cost image sensors at the back end,which breaks through the limitation of the array size on the image resolution and achieves the advantages of high energy efficiency and high signal-to-noise ratio.
The basic principle of the photoelectric mixing technology is elaborated.The research progress of the photoelectric mixing technology is traced and summarized from two ways of the independent photoelectric devices and the combined photoelectric devices.Inspired by the microwave photon frequency conversion technology,a photoelectric mixing method is proposed based on the bulk electro-optic modulator.This method uses the electrooptic modulator to demodulate the frequency mixing on the optical field and uses the high-resolution and low-cost image sensors at the back end,which breaks through the limitation of the array size on the image resolution and achieves the advantages of high energy efficiency and high signal-to-noise ratio.
引文
[1] Dai Y J.Lidar technology[M].Beijing:Electronic Industry Press,2010:2-7.戴永江.激光雷达技术[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2010:2-7.
[2] Zhao Y M,Li Y H,Shang Y N,et al.Application and development direction of lidar[J].Journal of Telemetry,Tracking and Command,2014,35(5):4-22赵一鸣,李艳华,商雅楠,等.激光雷达的应用及发展趋势[J].遥测遥控,2014,35(5):4-22.
[3] Song Y S,Du X P,Zeng Z Y.The key technology analysis of foreign 3D LADAR for space target[J].Journal of Academy of Equipment,2014,25(1):55-60.宋一铄,杜小平,曾朝阳.国外空间目标激光三维成像雷达关键技术分析[J].装备学院学报,2014,25(1):55-60.
[4] Du X P,Zhao J G,Zeng Z Y,et al.FMCW laser detection technology[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2015:92-93.杜小平,赵继广,曾朝阳,等.调频连续波激光探测技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2015:92-93.
[5] Davis Q V,Kulczyk W K.Optical and electronic mixing in an avalanche photodiode[J].Electronics Letters,1970,6(2):25.
[6] Kulczyk W K,Davis Q V.The avalanche photodiode as an electronic mixer in an optical receiver[J].IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,1972,19(11):1181-1190.
[7] Seeds A J,Lenoir B.Avalanche diode harmonic photoelectric mixer[J]. IEE Proceedings JOptoelectronics,1986,133(6):353.
[8] Castagnet D.Avalanche-photodiode-based heterodyne optical head of a phase-shift laser range finder[J].Optical Engineering,2006,45(4):043003.
[9] Moutaye E R,Tap-Beteille H.CMOS avalanche photodiode embedded in a phase-shift laser rangefinder[J].IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,2008,55(12):3396-3401.
[10] Song Y S,Du X P,Zeng Z Y.On the research of avalanche photodiodes-based heterodyne in FM/CW laser rangefinder[J].Optik,2014,125(12):2895-2898.
[11] McKeag W,Veeder T, Wang J X,et al.New developments in HgCdTe APDs and LADAR receivers[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2011,8012:801230.
[12] McManamon P F, Banks P, Beck J,et al.Comparison of flash lidar detector options[J].Optical Engineering,2017,56(3):031223.
[13] de Borniol E D,Rothman J,Guellec F,et al.Active three-dimensional and thermal imaging with a 30-μM pitch 320×256 HgCdTe avalanche photodiode focal plane array[J].Optical Engineering,2012,51(6):061305.
[14] Williams G M,Compton M,Ramirez D A,et al.Multi-gain-stage InGaAs avalanche photodiode with enhanced gain and reduced excess noise[J].IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society,2013,1(2):54-65.
[15] Wang F,Jiang S B,Hu J L,et al.Circuit design of single-photon detector based on APD[J].Chinese Journal of Electron Devices,2016,39(5):1093-1097.王凡,蒋书波,胡佳琳.APD单光子探测的电路设计[J].电子器件,2016,39(5):1093-1097.
[16] Deng G P,Liu C J,Zhu X X,et al.Readout IC for low-level light imaging AlGaN APD arrays[J].Semiconductor Photoelectrics,2013,34(4):569-572,575.邓光平,刘昌举,祝晓笑,等.一种弱光成像用AlGaN APD阵列的读出电路设计[J].半导体光电,2013,34(4):569-572,575.
[17] Chen G Q,Zhang J L,Wang P,et al.Design of digital ROIC for HgCdTe E-APD FPA[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2014,43(9):2798-2804.陈国强,张君玲,王攀,等.碲镉汞e-APD焦平面数字化读出电路设计[J].红外与激光工程,2014,43(9):2798-2804.
[18] Shen P H,Stead M R,Taysing-Lara M A,et al.Interdigitated finger semiconductor photodetector for photoelectric mixing[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2000,4028:426-436.
[19] Aliberti K,Shen H,Stead M R,et al.Modeling the optoelectronic mixing effect in metal-semiconductormetal detectors[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2002,4646:127-137.
[20] Aliberti K, Shen H, Stann B,et al. Mixing characteristics of InAlAs/InGaAs metalsemiconductor-metal photoelectric mixers[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2003:369-377.
[21] Zhang L C,Wang T,Yin F,et al.Facture of high responsivity GaAs-MSM photoelectric self-mixing array[J].Laser &Infrared,2011,41(8):925-928.张立臣,汪韬,尹飞,等.高响应度GaAs-MSM光电自混频面阵器件[J].激光与红外,2011,41(8):925-928.
[22] Yu M Q,Gao J B,Fang Z X,et al.Research on the design and experiment of MSM laser range imaging radar[J].Laser &Infrared,2011,41(6):616-621.余明权,高剑波,方照勋,等.MSM激光距离成像雷达系统设计与实验研究[J].激光与红外,2011,41(6):616-621.
[23] Redman B, Ruff W, Giza M.Photon counting chirped AM ladar:Concept,simulation,and initial experimental results[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2006,6214:62140P.
[24] Zhang Z J.The research of the sheltered target imaging using chirped amplitude modulation ladar based on GM-APD[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2011:10-18.张子静.GM-APD啁啾幅度调制激光雷达对遮蔽目标的成像研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011:10-18.
[25] Zhang Z J, Wu L,Zhang Y,et al. Method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of photon-counting chirped amplitude modulation ladar[J]. Applied Optics,2013,52(2):274.
[26] Jack M,Chapman G,Edwards J,et al.Advances in ladar components and subsystems at Raytheon[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2012,8353:83532F.
[27] Itzler M A,Entwistle M,Jiang X D,et al.Geigermode APD single-photon cameras for 3Dlaser radar imaging[C]∥IEEE Aerospace Conference,March 1-8,2014,Big Sky,MT,USA.New York:IEEE,2014:1-12.
[28] Sun J F,Jiang P,Zhang X C,et al.Experimental research of 32×32InGaAs Gm-APD arrays laser active imaging[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2016,45(12):1206006.孙剑峰,姜鹏,张秀川,等.32×32面阵InGaAs Gm-APD激光主动成像实验[J].红外与激光工程,2016,45(12):1206006.
[29] Ruff W C,Bruno J D,Kennerly S W,et al.Selfmixing detector candidates for an FM/CW ladar architecture[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2000,4035:152-163.
[30] Zhang A M,Jiang N.Simulation of ICCD optical coupling in underwater low-light-level imaging[J].Foreign Electronic Measurement Technology,2013,32(11):17-22.张爱民,江南.水下微光成像的ICCD光路耦合仿真[J].国外电子测量技术,2013,32(11):17-22.
[31] Xu Q Q.Noise characteristic test and analysis of low light ICCD[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing University of Science and Technology,2015:25-33.徐茜茜.微光ICCD的噪声特性测试与分析[D].南京:南京理工大学,2015:25-33.
[32] Verle W A,Kenneth A C,Philip W A,et al.EBAPS:Nest generation,low power,digital night vision[C]∥Proceedings of Presented at the OPTRO International Symposium,May 9-12,2005,Paris,France.Paris:Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France,2005:1-10.
[33] Stann B,Redman B C,Lawler W,et al.Chirped amplitude modulation ladar for range and Doppler measurements and 3-D imaging[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2007,6550:655005.
[34] Song D,Shi F,Li Y.Simulation of charge collection efficiency for EBAPS with uniformly doped substrate[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2016,45(2):56-60.宋德,石峰,李野.基底均匀掺杂下EBAPS电荷收集效率的模拟研究[J].红外与激光工程,2016,45(2):56-60.
[35] Gopalakrishnan G K,Burns W K,Bulmer C H.A LiNbO3 microwave-photoelectric mixer with linear performance[C]∥1993IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest,June 14-18,1993,Atlanta,GA,USA,USA.New York:IEEE,1993:1055-1058.
[36] Gopalakrishnan G K,Burns W K,Bulmer C H.Microwave-optical mixing in LiNbO3 modulators[J].IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1993,41(12):2383-2391.
[37] Zhao L J. Research on linear modulation and microwave photonic frequency conversion technology based on electro-optic modulator[D].Xi′an:Xidian University,2014:33-41.赵丽君.基于电光调制器的线性调制和微波光子变频技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2014:33-41.
[38] Wang M E.The research into high linear and high carrier-to-noise ratio microwave photonic technology[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Posts and Telecom,2017:18-26.王明娥.高线性高载噪比微波光子技术研究[D].北京:北京邮电大学,2017:18-26.
[39] Dong X Y,Xu E M,Li F,et al.Linearized microwave photonic link based on phase modulation[J].Optical Communication Technology,2018,42(2):55-58.董雪莹,徐恩明,李凡,等.基于相位调制的线性化微波光子链路[J].光通信技术,2018,42(2):55-58.
[40] Schmidt B, Tuvey S, Banks P S.3D sensor development to support EDL(entry,descent,and landing)for autonomous missions to Mars[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2012,8519:851905.
[41] McManamon P.Review of ladar:A historic,yet emerging, sensor technology with rich phenomenology[J].Optical Engineering,2012,51(6):060901.
[42] Zhang P,Du X P,Zhao J G,et al.High resolution flash three-dimensional LIDAR systems based on polarization modulation[J].Applied Optics,2017,56(13):3889.
[43] Chen Z.Research on Laser 3Dimaging based on polarization modulation[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2017:16-23.陈臻.基于偏振调制的激光三维成像方法研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2017:16-23.
[44] Peng Z X. Research on 3D array imaging lidar receiving test system[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016:29-36.彭章贤.面阵三维成像激光雷达接收试验系统研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2016:29-36.
[45] Zhan W D.Study on high-power and high-speed electro-optic modulation technology[D].Changchun:Changchun University of Science and Technology,2011:19-27.詹伟达.大功率、高速率电光调制技术研究[D].长春:长春理工大学,2011:19-27.
[46] Wang D S.Research on the driving technology of the high power and high rate electro-optic modulator[D].Changchun:Changchun University of Science and Technology,2009:28-34.王大帅.大功率、高速率电光调制器驱动技术的研究[D].长春:长春理工大学,2009:28-34.
[2] Zhao Y M,Li Y H,Shang Y N,et al.Application and development direction of lidar[J].Journal of Telemetry,Tracking and Command,2014,35(5):4-22赵一鸣,李艳华,商雅楠,等.激光雷达的应用及发展趋势[J].遥测遥控,2014,35(5):4-22.
[3] Song Y S,Du X P,Zeng Z Y.The key technology analysis of foreign 3D LADAR for space target[J].Journal of Academy of Equipment,2014,25(1):55-60.宋一铄,杜小平,曾朝阳.国外空间目标激光三维成像雷达关键技术分析[J].装备学院学报,2014,25(1):55-60.
[4] Du X P,Zhao J G,Zeng Z Y,et al.FMCW laser detection technology[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2015:92-93.杜小平,赵继广,曾朝阳,等.调频连续波激光探测技术[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2015:92-93.
[5] Davis Q V,Kulczyk W K.Optical and electronic mixing in an avalanche photodiode[J].Electronics Letters,1970,6(2):25.
[6] Kulczyk W K,Davis Q V.The avalanche photodiode as an electronic mixer in an optical receiver[J].IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,1972,19(11):1181-1190.
[7] Seeds A J,Lenoir B.Avalanche diode harmonic photoelectric mixer[J]. IEE Proceedings JOptoelectronics,1986,133(6):353.
[8] Castagnet D.Avalanche-photodiode-based heterodyne optical head of a phase-shift laser range finder[J].Optical Engineering,2006,45(4):043003.
[9] Moutaye E R,Tap-Beteille H.CMOS avalanche photodiode embedded in a phase-shift laser rangefinder[J].IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,2008,55(12):3396-3401.
[10] Song Y S,Du X P,Zeng Z Y.On the research of avalanche photodiodes-based heterodyne in FM/CW laser rangefinder[J].Optik,2014,125(12):2895-2898.
[11] McKeag W,Veeder T, Wang J X,et al.New developments in HgCdTe APDs and LADAR receivers[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2011,8012:801230.
[12] McManamon P F, Banks P, Beck J,et al.Comparison of flash lidar detector options[J].Optical Engineering,2017,56(3):031223.
[13] de Borniol E D,Rothman J,Guellec F,et al.Active three-dimensional and thermal imaging with a 30-μM pitch 320×256 HgCdTe avalanche photodiode focal plane array[J].Optical Engineering,2012,51(6):061305.
[14] Williams G M,Compton M,Ramirez D A,et al.Multi-gain-stage InGaAs avalanche photodiode with enhanced gain and reduced excess noise[J].IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society,2013,1(2):54-65.
[15] Wang F,Jiang S B,Hu J L,et al.Circuit design of single-photon detector based on APD[J].Chinese Journal of Electron Devices,2016,39(5):1093-1097.王凡,蒋书波,胡佳琳.APD单光子探测的电路设计[J].电子器件,2016,39(5):1093-1097.
[16] Deng G P,Liu C J,Zhu X X,et al.Readout IC for low-level light imaging AlGaN APD arrays[J].Semiconductor Photoelectrics,2013,34(4):569-572,575.邓光平,刘昌举,祝晓笑,等.一种弱光成像用AlGaN APD阵列的读出电路设计[J].半导体光电,2013,34(4):569-572,575.
[17] Chen G Q,Zhang J L,Wang P,et al.Design of digital ROIC for HgCdTe E-APD FPA[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2014,43(9):2798-2804.陈国强,张君玲,王攀,等.碲镉汞e-APD焦平面数字化读出电路设计[J].红外与激光工程,2014,43(9):2798-2804.
[18] Shen P H,Stead M R,Taysing-Lara M A,et al.Interdigitated finger semiconductor photodetector for photoelectric mixing[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2000,4028:426-436.
[19] Aliberti K,Shen H,Stead M R,et al.Modeling the optoelectronic mixing effect in metal-semiconductormetal detectors[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2002,4646:127-137.
[20] Aliberti K, Shen H, Stann B,et al. Mixing characteristics of InAlAs/InGaAs metalsemiconductor-metal photoelectric mixers[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2003:369-377.
[21] Zhang L C,Wang T,Yin F,et al.Facture of high responsivity GaAs-MSM photoelectric self-mixing array[J].Laser &Infrared,2011,41(8):925-928.张立臣,汪韬,尹飞,等.高响应度GaAs-MSM光电自混频面阵器件[J].激光与红外,2011,41(8):925-928.
[22] Yu M Q,Gao J B,Fang Z X,et al.Research on the design and experiment of MSM laser range imaging radar[J].Laser &Infrared,2011,41(6):616-621.余明权,高剑波,方照勋,等.MSM激光距离成像雷达系统设计与实验研究[J].激光与红外,2011,41(6):616-621.
[23] Redman B, Ruff W, Giza M.Photon counting chirped AM ladar:Concept,simulation,and initial experimental results[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2006,6214:62140P.
[24] Zhang Z J.The research of the sheltered target imaging using chirped amplitude modulation ladar based on GM-APD[D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2011:10-18.张子静.GM-APD啁啾幅度调制激光雷达对遮蔽目标的成像研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2011:10-18.
[25] Zhang Z J, Wu L,Zhang Y,et al. Method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of photon-counting chirped amplitude modulation ladar[J]. Applied Optics,2013,52(2):274.
[26] Jack M,Chapman G,Edwards J,et al.Advances in ladar components and subsystems at Raytheon[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2012,8353:83532F.
[27] Itzler M A,Entwistle M,Jiang X D,et al.Geigermode APD single-photon cameras for 3Dlaser radar imaging[C]∥IEEE Aerospace Conference,March 1-8,2014,Big Sky,MT,USA.New York:IEEE,2014:1-12.
[28] Sun J F,Jiang P,Zhang X C,et al.Experimental research of 32×32InGaAs Gm-APD arrays laser active imaging[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2016,45(12):1206006.孙剑峰,姜鹏,张秀川,等.32×32面阵InGaAs Gm-APD激光主动成像实验[J].红外与激光工程,2016,45(12):1206006.
[29] Ruff W C,Bruno J D,Kennerly S W,et al.Selfmixing detector candidates for an FM/CW ladar architecture[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2000,4035:152-163.
[30] Zhang A M,Jiang N.Simulation of ICCD optical coupling in underwater low-light-level imaging[J].Foreign Electronic Measurement Technology,2013,32(11):17-22.张爱民,江南.水下微光成像的ICCD光路耦合仿真[J].国外电子测量技术,2013,32(11):17-22.
[31] Xu Q Q.Noise characteristic test and analysis of low light ICCD[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing University of Science and Technology,2015:25-33.徐茜茜.微光ICCD的噪声特性测试与分析[D].南京:南京理工大学,2015:25-33.
[32] Verle W A,Kenneth A C,Philip W A,et al.EBAPS:Nest generation,low power,digital night vision[C]∥Proceedings of Presented at the OPTRO International Symposium,May 9-12,2005,Paris,France.Paris:Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France,2005:1-10.
[33] Stann B,Redman B C,Lawler W,et al.Chirped amplitude modulation ladar for range and Doppler measurements and 3-D imaging[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2007,6550:655005.
[34] Song D,Shi F,Li Y.Simulation of charge collection efficiency for EBAPS with uniformly doped substrate[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2016,45(2):56-60.宋德,石峰,李野.基底均匀掺杂下EBAPS电荷收集效率的模拟研究[J].红外与激光工程,2016,45(2):56-60.
[35] Gopalakrishnan G K,Burns W K,Bulmer C H.A LiNbO3 microwave-photoelectric mixer with linear performance[C]∥1993IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest,June 14-18,1993,Atlanta,GA,USA,USA.New York:IEEE,1993:1055-1058.
[36] Gopalakrishnan G K,Burns W K,Bulmer C H.Microwave-optical mixing in LiNbO3 modulators[J].IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1993,41(12):2383-2391.
[37] Zhao L J. Research on linear modulation and microwave photonic frequency conversion technology based on electro-optic modulator[D].Xi′an:Xidian University,2014:33-41.赵丽君.基于电光调制器的线性调制和微波光子变频技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2014:33-41.
[38] Wang M E.The research into high linear and high carrier-to-noise ratio microwave photonic technology[D]. Beijing:Beijing University of Posts and Telecom,2017:18-26.王明娥.高线性高载噪比微波光子技术研究[D].北京:北京邮电大学,2017:18-26.
[39] Dong X Y,Xu E M,Li F,et al.Linearized microwave photonic link based on phase modulation[J].Optical Communication Technology,2018,42(2):55-58.董雪莹,徐恩明,李凡,等.基于相位调制的线性化微波光子链路[J].光通信技术,2018,42(2):55-58.
[40] Schmidt B, Tuvey S, Banks P S.3D sensor development to support EDL(entry,descent,and landing)for autonomous missions to Mars[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2012,8519:851905.
[41] McManamon P.Review of ladar:A historic,yet emerging, sensor technology with rich phenomenology[J].Optical Engineering,2012,51(6):060901.
[42] Zhang P,Du X P,Zhao J G,et al.High resolution flash three-dimensional LIDAR systems based on polarization modulation[J].Applied Optics,2017,56(13):3889.
[43] Chen Z.Research on Laser 3Dimaging based on polarization modulation[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2017:16-23.陈臻.基于偏振调制的激光三维成像方法研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2017:16-23.
[44] Peng Z X. Research on 3D array imaging lidar receiving test system[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016:29-36.彭章贤.面阵三维成像激光雷达接收试验系统研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2016:29-36.
[45] Zhan W D.Study on high-power and high-speed electro-optic modulation technology[D].Changchun:Changchun University of Science and Technology,2011:19-27.詹伟达.大功率、高速率电光调制技术研究[D].长春:长春理工大学,2011:19-27.
[46] Wang D S.Research on the driving technology of the high power and high rate electro-optic modulator[D].Changchun:Changchun University of Science and Technology,2009:28-34.王大帅.大功率、高速率电光调制器驱动技术的研究[D].长春:长春理工大学,2009:28-34.