中国地市工业集聚与污染排放的空间特征及计量检验
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摘要
采用空间分析和计量模型等方法,研究中国285个地级及以上城市工业集聚和污染排放的空间特征及内在关系,结果表明:(1)工业集聚与污染排放的重心分布、轨迹、距离、速度差异较大。东部的工业集聚水平高于中西部,工业污染中西部更突出。工业集聚与污染排放总体呈负相关关系,局域上分为低高、高低、低低3种关联类型。(2)工业集聚在全国及东中西部均有利于降低工业污染,但是对不同区域减排作用的大小有所不同,作用由大到小依次是西部、中部和东部。(3)对于工业污染的防治,应继续走集聚化道路。东部要优化产业结构,控制合理的集聚规模;中西部应加强产业集聚,提高技术溢出的污染减排效应。
Since the reform and opening, industrialization has promoted the rapid growth of China's economy.However, the industrial pollution made by industrial development has caused a great pressure on the environment and a series of environmental problems. The relationship between industrial scale and industrial pollutant emissions will be different due to the difference of regional development stage, industrial structure, technological level and pollution control. The total amount of industrial pollutant emissions in China is very different,and there exists an obvious mismatch between industrial pollutant emissions and industrial agglomeration level. This research focuses on the following questions: What is the spatial distribution of industrial agglomeration and industrial pollutant emissionsin China? What is their spatial correlation? By using the methods of gravity analysis of geographic concentration, spatial correlation, econometric model, and the data of 285 cities in China from 2003 to 2013, this article studied the spatial distribution characteristics and spatial correlation of industrial agglomeration and emissions of industrial wastewater and industrial SO_2, and examined the role of industrial agglomeration level on industrial pollutant emissions. The main conclusions are as following: 1) The gravity center of industrial agglomeration and pollutant emissions is different in distribution, trajectory, distance and speed. The gravity center of industrial agglomeration level first shifted north and then southward.The gravity center of industrial waste water is moving southward. The industrial SO_2 pollution shows the"S"movement trajectory. The gravity center of industrial agglomeration level moves longer and faster. 2) The industrial concentration level in the eastern region is higher than that in the middle and western region, and the intensity of industrial pollutant emissions is more prominent in the western and middle region. 3) There is a negative correlation between industrial agglomeration level and industrial pollutant emission intensity, there exists three types of spatial match between the level of industrial pollutant emission intensity and industrial agglomeration, which are high-low, low-high and low-low. 4) Industrial agglomeration is beneficial to reduce industrial pollutant emissions in the whole country and different regions. Industrial agglomeration has a greater effect on industrial pollutant emission reduction in the western and middle than in the east region. 5) To control industrial pollutant emission, China should continue to promote the industrial agglomeration and take different measures according to local conditions. In eastern China, efforts should be made to the control of the scale of industrial agglomeration, the optimizing of the industrial structure and the using of the positive externalities.The middle and western regions should further increase the concentration of industry, and promote the effect on emission reduction of technological spillover and technological advancements.
Since the reform and opening, industrialization has promoted the rapid growth of China's economy.However, the industrial pollution made by industrial development has caused a great pressure on the environment and a series of environmental problems. The relationship between industrial scale and industrial pollutant emissions will be different due to the difference of regional development stage, industrial structure, technological level and pollution control. The total amount of industrial pollutant emissions in China is very different,and there exists an obvious mismatch between industrial pollutant emissions and industrial agglomeration level. This research focuses on the following questions: What is the spatial distribution of industrial agglomeration and industrial pollutant emissionsin China? What is their spatial correlation? By using the methods of gravity analysis of geographic concentration, spatial correlation, econometric model, and the data of 285 cities in China from 2003 to 2013, this article studied the spatial distribution characteristics and spatial correlation of industrial agglomeration and emissions of industrial wastewater and industrial SO_2, and examined the role of industrial agglomeration level on industrial pollutant emissions. The main conclusions are as following: 1) The gravity center of industrial agglomeration and pollutant emissions is different in distribution, trajectory, distance and speed. The gravity center of industrial agglomeration level first shifted north and then southward.The gravity center of industrial waste water is moving southward. The industrial SO_2 pollution shows the"S"movement trajectory. The gravity center of industrial agglomeration level moves longer and faster. 2) The industrial concentration level in the eastern region is higher than that in the middle and western region, and the intensity of industrial pollutant emissions is more prominent in the western and middle region. 3) There is a negative correlation between industrial agglomeration level and industrial pollutant emission intensity, there exists three types of spatial match between the level of industrial pollutant emission intensity and industrial agglomeration, which are high-low, low-high and low-low. 4) Industrial agglomeration is beneficial to reduce industrial pollutant emissions in the whole country and different regions. Industrial agglomeration has a greater effect on industrial pollutant emission reduction in the western and middle than in the east region. 5) To control industrial pollutant emission, China should continue to promote the industrial agglomeration and take different measures according to local conditions. In eastern China, efforts should be made to the control of the scale of industrial agglomeration, the optimizing of the industrial structure and the using of the positive externalities.The middle and western regions should further increase the concentration of industry, and promote the effect on emission reduction of technological spillover and technological advancements.
引文
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[16]李伟,贺灿飞.中国出口产业的空间格局演变[J].经济地理,2017,37(3):96-105.[Li Wei,He Canfei.The evolution of spatial pattern of China’s exports.Economic Geography,2017,37(3):96-105.]
[17]王庆喜,钱遂,庞尧.环境约束下中国工业化与城镇化的关系演变--效率分析视角[J].地理科学,2017,37(1):92-101.[Wang Qingxi,Qian Sui,Pang Yao.Evolutional relationship between industrialization and urbanization under environmental constraints in China:DEA analysis perspective.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(1):92-101.]
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[20]李国平,罗心然.京津冀地区人口与经济协调发展关系研究[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(1):25-33.[Li Guoping,Luo Xinran.Coordinated development between population and economy in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Progress in Geography,2017,36(1):25-33.]
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[22]焦敬娟,王姣娥,刘志高.东北地区创新资源与产业协同发展研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(9):1338-1348.[Jiao Jingjuan,Wang Jiao’e,Liu Zhigao.Relationship between innovation resources and industry development.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(9):1338-1348.]
[23]国家统计局.中国城市统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2004-2014.[National Bureau of Statistics.China urban statistical yearbook.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2004-2014.]
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[2]Brennery T,Weigeltz N.The evolution of industrial clusters:Simulating spatial dynamics[J].Advances in Complex Systems,2001,4(1):127-147.
[3]Rigina O.Eviromental impact assessment of the mining and concentration activities in the Kola Peninsula,Russiaby multi-date remote sensing[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2002,75:11-31.
[4]Verhoef E T,Nijkamp P.Externalities in urban sustainability environmental versus localization-type agglomeration externalities in a general spatial equilibrium model of a single-sector monocentric industrial city[J].Ecological Economics,2002,40(2):157-179.
[5]丁焕峰,李佩仪.中国区域污染重心与经济重心的演变对比分析[J].经济地理,2009,29(10):1629-1633.[Ding Huanfeng,Li Peiyi.The variation contrastive analysis of economic gravity centre and regional pollution gravity centre of China.Economic Geography,2009,29(10):1629-1633.]
[6]赵海霞,蒋晓威,崔建鑫.泛长三角地区工业污染重心演变路径及其驱动机制研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(11):4387-4394.[Zhao Haixia,Jiang Xiaowei,Cui Jianxin.Shifting path of industrial pollution gravity centers and its driving mechanismin Pan-Yangtze River Delta.Environmental Science,2014,35(11):4387-4394.]
[7]王怀成,张连马,蒋晓威.泛长三角产业发展与环境污染的空间关联性研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(3):55-59.[Wang Huaicheng,Zhang Lianma,Jiang Xiaowei.Study on evolution of industrial and pollution gravity centersand its spatial correlation in Pan Yangtze River Delta.China Population,Resources and Environment,2014,24(3):55-59.]
[8]高爽,魏也华,陈雯.发达地区制造业集聚和水污染的空间关联--以无锡市区为例[J].地理研究,2011,30(5):902-912.[Gao Shuang,Wei Yehua,Chen Wen.Study on spatial-correlation between water pollution andindustrial agglomeration in the developed region of China:A case study of Wuxi City.Geographical Research,2011,30(5):902-912.]
[9]程钰,任建兰,侯纯光,等.沿海生态地区空间均衡内涵界定与状态评估[J].地理科学,2017,37(1):83-91.[Cheng Yu,Ren Jianlan,Hou Chunguang et al.Meaning of Space Balance and Assessing the State of the Coastal Ecological Regions:A case of the Yellow River Delta efficient ecological economic zone.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(1):83-91.]
[10]王兵,聂欣.产业集聚与环境治理:助力还是阻力[J].中国工业经济,2016(12):75-89.[Wang Bing,Nie Xin.Industrial agglomeration and environmental governance:The power or resistance.China Industrial Economics,2016(12):75-89.]
[11]刘军,程中华,李廉水.产业聚集与环境污染[J].科研管理,2016,37(6):134-140.[Liu Jun,Cheng Zhonghua,Li Lianshui.Industrial agglomeration and environmental pollution.Science Research Management,2016,37(6):134-140.]
[12]李粉,孙祥栋,张亮亮.产业集聚、技术创新与环境污染[J].技术经济,2017,36(3):1-7.[Li Fen,Sun Xiangdong,Zhang Liangliang.Industrial agglomeration,technological innovation and environmental pollution.Technology Economics,2017,36(3):1-7.]
[13]王晓硕,宇超逸.空间集聚对中国工业污染排放强度的影响[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(4):1562-1570.[Wang Xiaoshuo,Yu Chaoyi.Impact of spatial agglomeration on industrial pollution emissions intensity in China.China Environmental Science,2017,37(4):1562-1570.]
[14]谢荣辉,原毅军.产业集聚动态演化的污染减排效应研究[J].经济评论,2016(2):18-28.[Xie Ronghui,Yuan Yijun.Research on the pollution abatement effect of industrial agglomeration’s evolution.Economic Review,2016(2):18-28.]
[15]刘艳军,田俊峰,付占辉,等.哈大巨型城市带要素集聚程度与生态环境水平关系演变[J].地理科学,2017,37(2):172-180.[Liu Yanjun,Tian Junfeng,Fu Zhanhui et al.The evolution of the relationship between the degree of element agglomeration and the level of the ecological environment in the Harbin-Dalian giant urban belt.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(2):172-180.]
[16]李伟,贺灿飞.中国出口产业的空间格局演变[J].经济地理,2017,37(3):96-105.[Li Wei,He Canfei.The evolution of spatial pattern of China’s exports.Economic Geography,2017,37(3):96-105.]
[17]王庆喜,钱遂,庞尧.环境约束下中国工业化与城镇化的关系演变--效率分析视角[J].地理科学,2017,37(1):92-101.[Wang Qingxi,Qian Sui,Pang Yao.Evolutional relationship between industrialization and urbanization under environmental constraints in China:DEA analysis perspective.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(1):92-101.]
[18]Ciccone A,Hall R.Productivity and the density of economic activity[J].American Economic Review,1996,86(1):54-70.
[19]钟业喜,陆玉麒.鄱阳湖生态经济区人口与经济空间耦合研究[J].经济地理,2011,31(2):195-200.[Zhong Yexi,Lu Yuqi.The coupling relationship between populationand economicin poyang lake ecological economic zone.Economic Geography,2011,31(2):195-200.]
[20]李国平,罗心然.京津冀地区人口与经济协调发展关系研究[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(1):25-33.[Li Guoping,Luo Xinran.Coordinated development between population and economy in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Progress in Geography,2017,36(1):25-33.]
[21]曾文,张小林,向梨丽,等.2000~2010年南京都市区人口空间变动特征研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(1):81-89.[Zeng Wen,Zhang Xiaolin,Xiang Lili et al.The features of population redistribution of Nanjing metropolitan area in 2000-2010.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(1):81-89.]
[22]焦敬娟,王姣娥,刘志高.东北地区创新资源与产业协同发展研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(9):1338-1348.[Jiao Jingjuan,Wang Jiao’e,Liu Zhigao.Relationship between innovation resources and industry development.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(9):1338-1348.]
[23]国家统计局.中国城市统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2004-2014.[National Bureau of Statistics.China urban statistical yearbook.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2004-2014.]
[24]国家统计局.中国区域经济统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2004-2014.[National Bureau of Statistics.China statistical yearbookfor regional economy.Beijing:China Statistics Press,2004-2014.]