模拟降雨条件下生物结皮坡面产流产沙对雨强的响应
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摘要
生物结皮是黄土丘陵区退耕地广泛存在的地被物.本研究通过人工模拟降雨试验分析了雨强对生物结皮坡面产流产沙的影响.结果表明:生物结皮坡面产流产沙随降雨历时的延长先增加、10～18 min趋于平稳.相对于裸土坡面,生物结皮显著延长了坡面初始产流时间,抑制了坡面产流产沙,可降低21%～78%的坡面径流量和77%～95%的产沙量.雨强主要通过影响生物结皮坡面径流而影响其产沙.随着雨强的增加,生物结皮坡面产流产沙与雨强的相关性出现了由不显著相关向显著相关的转折,雨强>1.5 mm·min~(-1)时,生物结皮坡面的减流减沙作用随着雨强的增加而降低.本研究结果为降雨条件下生物结皮坡面产流产沙过程的模型模拟奠定了基础.
Biological soil crust( biocrust) is a common surface cover on the rehabilitated slope land in Hill Loess Plateau. We investigated the responses of runoff and soil loss from biological soil crustal slope to rainfall intensity by using simulated rainfall trial. The results showed that the runoff and soil loss from biocrust slopes increased sharply at the beginning stage of rainfall and then became stable during 10 to 18 min. Compared to bare soil slope,the initial runoff generation time of biological soil crustal slope was significantly increased. The presence of biocrust could significantly decrease runoff and sediment by 21%-78% and 77%-95%,respectively. Rainfall intensities affected soil erosion of biocrust slopes mainly via affecting runoff. The transition from insignificant to significant correlation between runoff and soil loss from biological soil crustal slopes and rainfall intensities was observed with the increases of rainfall intensities. Once the rainfall intensity was higher than 1.5 mm·min~(-1),there was a significant decrease in the function of biocrust to decrease runoff and soil loss with the increases of rainfall intensities. Our results laid the foundation for the model simulation of runoff and soil loss from biocrust slopes under rainfall conditions.
Biological soil crust( biocrust) is a common surface cover on the rehabilitated slope land in Hill Loess Plateau. We investigated the responses of runoff and soil loss from biological soil crustal slope to rainfall intensity by using simulated rainfall trial. The results showed that the runoff and soil loss from biocrust slopes increased sharply at the beginning stage of rainfall and then became stable during 10 to 18 min. Compared to bare soil slope,the initial runoff generation time of biological soil crustal slope was significantly increased. The presence of biocrust could significantly decrease runoff and sediment by 21%-78% and 77%-95%,respectively. Rainfall intensities affected soil erosion of biocrust slopes mainly via affecting runoff. The transition from insignificant to significant correlation between runoff and soil loss from biological soil crustal slopes and rainfall intensities was observed with the increases of rainfall intensities. Once the rainfall intensity was higher than 1.5 mm·min~(-1),there was a significant decrease in the function of biocrust to decrease runoff and soil loss with the increases of rainfall intensities. Our results laid the foundation for the model simulation of runoff and soil loss from biocrust slopes under rainfall conditions.
引文
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[2] Xiao B,Wang QH,Zhao YG,et al. Artificial culture of biological soil crusts and its effects on overland flow and infiltration under simulated rainfall. Applied Soil Ecology,2011,48:11-17
[3] Lichner L,Holko L,Zhukova N,et al. Plants and biological soil crust influence the hydrophysical parameters and water flow in an aeolian sandy soil. Journal of Hydrology Hydromechanics,2012,60:309-318
[4] Belnap J. The potential roles of biological soil crusts in dryland hydrologic cycles. Hydrological Processes,2006,20:3159-3178
[5] Zhao YG,Xu MX. Runoff and soil loss from revegetated grasslands in the Hilly Loess Plateau Region,China:Influence of biocrust patches and plant canopies. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2013,18:387-393
[6] Xiao B(肖波),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Shao M-A(邵明安). Artificial cultivation of biological soil crust and its effects on soil and water conservation in waterwind erosion crisscross region of Loess Plateau,China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica(草业学报),2008,16(1):28-33(in Chinese)
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[8] Chamizo S,Cantón Y,Lázaro R,et al. Crust composition and disturbance drive infiltration through biological soil crusts in semi-arid ecosystems. Ecosystems,2012,15:148-161
[9] Shi Y-F(石亚芳),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Li C-H(李晨辉),et al. Effects of trampling disturbance on infiltration of biological soil crustal soil. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(10):3227-3234(in Chinese)
[10] Li L(李林),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Wang Y-H(王一贺),et al. Impact of different types of biological soil crusts on slope runoff generation. Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2015,30(6):1013-1023(in Chinese)
[11] Wu YS,Hasi E,Wu X. Characteristics of surface runoff in a sandy area in southern Mu Us sandy land,China.Science Bulletin,2012,57:270-275
[12] Ni H-B(倪含斌),Zhang L-P(张丽萍),Cai F-K(蔡甫款). Experimental study on impact of soil microbiotic crust on soil erosion in Shendong mine region.Bulletin of Science and Technology(科技通报),2012,11(28):216-219(in Chinese)
[13] Zhang P-P(张培培),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Wang Y(王媛),et al. Impact of biological soil crusts on soil water repellence in the hilly Loess Plateau region,China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(3):657-663(in Chinese)
[14] Xue M-J(薛孟君),Ma L(马岚),Zhang D(张栋),et al. Experimental study of runoff processes on bare loess hillslope. Journal of Soil Land Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2017,31(4):11-17(in Chinese)
[15] Wang Z-L(王占礼),Huang X-H(黄新会),Zhang Z-G(张振国),et al. Experimental study of runoff processes on bare loess hillslope. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持通报),2005,25(4):1-4(in Chinese)
[16] Wang Y(王媛),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Yao C-Z(姚春竹),et al. Surface roughness characteristics of biological soil crusts and its influencing factors in the hilly Loess Plateau region,China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(3):647-653(in Chinese)
[17] Liu J-E(刘俊娥),Wang Z-L(王占礼),Gao S-J(高素娟),et al. Experimental study on hydrodynamic mechanism of sheet erosion processes on loess hillslope.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2012,28(7):144-149(in Chinese)
[18] Yang X-W(杨雪伟),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Xu M-X(许明祥). Variation of morphological structure of dominant species in moss crusts in hilly Loess Plateau region.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2016,35(2):370-377(in Chinese)
[19] Zheng F-L(郑粉莉),Tang K-L(唐克丽),Wang WL(王文龙),et al. Study of soil erosion properties in the forest lands and reclaimed lands. Research of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持研究),1993(1):29-36(in Chinese)
[20] Belnap J,Rosentreter R,Leonard S,et al. Biological Soil Crusts:Ecology and Management. Denver,CO,USA:Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management,United States,2001
[21] Yang X-Q(杨雪芹),Xu M-X(许明祥),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),et al. Effects of trampling disturbance on soil organic carbon fractions and mineralization potential of biological soil crusts in the Loess Plateau Region,China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2018,29(4):1283-1294(in Chinese)
[22] Gao LQ,Bowker MA,Xu MX,et al. Biological soil crusts decrease erodibility by modifying inherent soil properties on the Loess Plateau,China. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2017,105:49-58
[23] Qin N-Q(秦宁强),Zhao Y-G(赵允格). Responses of biological soil crust to and its relief effect on raindrop kinetic energy. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(9):2259-2264(in Chinese)
[24] Wang B,Zhang GH,Zhang XC,et al. Effects of near soil surface characteristics on soil detachment by overland flow in a natural succession grassland. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2014,78:589-597
[25] Yang K(杨凯),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Ma X-X(马昕昕). Water stability of biological soil crusts in hilly regions of Loess Plateau,Northeast China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2012,23(1):173-177(in Chinese)
[26] Chamizo S,Cantón Y,Rodríguez-Caballero E,et al.Runoff at contrasting scales in a semiarid ecosystem:A complex balance between biological soil crust features and rainfall characteristics. Journal of Hydrology,2012,130:452-453
[27] Rodríguez-Caballero E,Cantón Y,Chamizo S,et al.Effects of biological soil crusts on surface roughness and implications for runoff and erosion. Geomorphology,2012,81:145-146
[28] MayorG,Bautista S,Bellot J. Factors and interactions controlling infiltration,runoff,and soil loss at the microscale in a patchy Mediterranean semiarid landscape.Earth Surface Processes and Land Forms,2009,34:1702-1711
[29] Kidron GJ,Monger HC,Vonshak A,et al. Contrasting effects of microbiotic crusts on runoff in desert surfaces.Geomorphology,2012,139:484-94
[30] Cantón Y,Domingo F,Solé-Benet A,et al. Hydrological and erosion response of a badlands system in semiarid SE Spain. Journal of Hydrology,2012,252:65-84
[31] Zhou P-H(周佩华),Wang Z-L(王占礼). Soil erosion rainfall standard in the Loess Plateau. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持通报),1987,7(1):38-44(in Chinese)
[32] Wang W-Z(王万忠). Study on the relations between rainfall characteristics and loss of soil in Loess Region.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持通报),1984,4(2):58-63(in Chinese)
[33] Wei W(卫伟),Wen Z(温智),Chen L-D(陈利顶),et al. Effects of soil crusts on surface hydrology in the semiarid Loess Hilly Area. Environmental Science(环境科学), 2012, 33(11):3901-3904(in Chinese)
[2] Xiao B,Wang QH,Zhao YG,et al. Artificial culture of biological soil crusts and its effects on overland flow and infiltration under simulated rainfall. Applied Soil Ecology,2011,48:11-17
[3] Lichner L,Holko L,Zhukova N,et al. Plants and biological soil crust influence the hydrophysical parameters and water flow in an aeolian sandy soil. Journal of Hydrology Hydromechanics,2012,60:309-318
[4] Belnap J. The potential roles of biological soil crusts in dryland hydrologic cycles. Hydrological Processes,2006,20:3159-3178
[5] Zhao YG,Xu MX. Runoff and soil loss from revegetated grasslands in the Hilly Loess Plateau Region,China:Influence of biocrust patches and plant canopies. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering,2013,18:387-393
[6] Xiao B(肖波),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Shao M-A(邵明安). Artificial cultivation of biological soil crust and its effects on soil and water conservation in waterwind erosion crisscross region of Loess Plateau,China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica(草业学报),2008,16(1):28-33(in Chinese)
[7] Belnap J,Wilcox BP,Van Scoyoc MV,et al. Successional stage of biological soil crusts:An accurate indicator of ecohydrological condition. Ecohydrology,2013,6:474-482
[8] Chamizo S,Cantón Y,Lázaro R,et al. Crust composition and disturbance drive infiltration through biological soil crusts in semi-arid ecosystems. Ecosystems,2012,15:148-161
[9] Shi Y-F(石亚芳),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Li C-H(李晨辉),et al. Effects of trampling disturbance on infiltration of biological soil crustal soil. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(10):3227-3234(in Chinese)
[10] Li L(李林),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Wang Y-H(王一贺),et al. Impact of different types of biological soil crusts on slope runoff generation. Journal of Natural Resources(自然资源学报),2015,30(6):1013-1023(in Chinese)
[11] Wu YS,Hasi E,Wu X. Characteristics of surface runoff in a sandy area in southern Mu Us sandy land,China.Science Bulletin,2012,57:270-275
[12] Ni H-B(倪含斌),Zhang L-P(张丽萍),Cai F-K(蔡甫款). Experimental study on impact of soil microbiotic crust on soil erosion in Shendong mine region.Bulletin of Science and Technology(科技通报),2012,11(28):216-219(in Chinese)
[13] Zhang P-P(张培培),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Wang Y(王媛),et al. Impact of biological soil crusts on soil water repellence in the hilly Loess Plateau region,China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(3):657-663(in Chinese)
[14] Xue M-J(薛孟君),Ma L(马岚),Zhang D(张栋),et al. Experimental study of runoff processes on bare loess hillslope. Journal of Soil Land Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2017,31(4):11-17(in Chinese)
[15] Wang Z-L(王占礼),Huang X-H(黄新会),Zhang Z-G(张振国),et al. Experimental study of runoff processes on bare loess hillslope. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持通报),2005,25(4):1-4(in Chinese)
[16] Wang Y(王媛),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Yao C-Z(姚春竹),et al. Surface roughness characteristics of biological soil crusts and its influencing factors in the hilly Loess Plateau region,China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(3):647-653(in Chinese)
[17] Liu J-E(刘俊娥),Wang Z-L(王占礼),Gao S-J(高素娟),et al. Experimental study on hydrodynamic mechanism of sheet erosion processes on loess hillslope.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2012,28(7):144-149(in Chinese)
[18] Yang X-W(杨雪伟),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Xu M-X(许明祥). Variation of morphological structure of dominant species in moss crusts in hilly Loess Plateau region.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2016,35(2):370-377(in Chinese)
[19] Zheng F-L(郑粉莉),Tang K-L(唐克丽),Wang WL(王文龙),et al. Study of soil erosion properties in the forest lands and reclaimed lands. Research of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持研究),1993(1):29-36(in Chinese)
[20] Belnap J,Rosentreter R,Leonard S,et al. Biological Soil Crusts:Ecology and Management. Denver,CO,USA:Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management,United States,2001
[21] Yang X-Q(杨雪芹),Xu M-X(许明祥),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),et al. Effects of trampling disturbance on soil organic carbon fractions and mineralization potential of biological soil crusts in the Loess Plateau Region,China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2018,29(4):1283-1294(in Chinese)
[22] Gao LQ,Bowker MA,Xu MX,et al. Biological soil crusts decrease erodibility by modifying inherent soil properties on the Loess Plateau,China. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2017,105:49-58
[23] Qin N-Q(秦宁强),Zhao Y-G(赵允格). Responses of biological soil crust to and its relief effect on raindrop kinetic energy. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(9):2259-2264(in Chinese)
[24] Wang B,Zhang GH,Zhang XC,et al. Effects of near soil surface characteristics on soil detachment by overland flow in a natural succession grassland. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2014,78:589-597
[25] Yang K(杨凯),Zhao Y-G(赵允格),Ma X-X(马昕昕). Water stability of biological soil crusts in hilly regions of Loess Plateau,Northeast China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2012,23(1):173-177(in Chinese)
[26] Chamizo S,Cantón Y,Rodríguez-Caballero E,et al.Runoff at contrasting scales in a semiarid ecosystem:A complex balance between biological soil crust features and rainfall characteristics. Journal of Hydrology,2012,130:452-453
[27] Rodríguez-Caballero E,Cantón Y,Chamizo S,et al.Effects of biological soil crusts on surface roughness and implications for runoff and erosion. Geomorphology,2012,81:145-146
[28] MayorG,Bautista S,Bellot J. Factors and interactions controlling infiltration,runoff,and soil loss at the microscale in a patchy Mediterranean semiarid landscape.Earth Surface Processes and Land Forms,2009,34:1702-1711
[29] Kidron GJ,Monger HC,Vonshak A,et al. Contrasting effects of microbiotic crusts on runoff in desert surfaces.Geomorphology,2012,139:484-94
[30] Cantón Y,Domingo F,Solé-Benet A,et al. Hydrological and erosion response of a badlands system in semiarid SE Spain. Journal of Hydrology,2012,252:65-84
[31] Zhou P-H(周佩华),Wang Z-L(王占礼). Soil erosion rainfall standard in the Loess Plateau. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持通报),1987,7(1):38-44(in Chinese)
[32] Wang W-Z(王万忠). Study on the relations between rainfall characteristics and loss of soil in Loess Region.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持通报),1984,4(2):58-63(in Chinese)
[33] Wei W(卫伟),Wen Z(温智),Chen L-D(陈利顶),et al. Effects of soil crusts on surface hydrology in the semiarid Loess Hilly Area. Environmental Science(环境科学), 2012, 33(11):3901-3904(in Chinese)