中国高污染工业行业环境负外部性计量及其影响因素分析
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摘要
以我国规模以上21个高污染工业行业为对象进行研究,首先,将环境负外部性分为显性负外部性和隐性负外部性,以环境污染带来的直接社会资源耗费衡量显性负外部性,以环境污染造成的国民健康福利损失衡量隐性负外部性;第二,根据高污染工业"三废"数据,运用因子分析法,计量其各年的环境污染指数;第三,运用回归分析法,分析环境污染指数与显性负外部性和隐性负外部性的相关性;最后运用微分分析法,计量高污染工业行业总的环境负外部性。研究发现,高污染工业行业的隐性环境负外部性高于显性负外部性两倍以上;对外开放程度越高,环境负外部性越小;国家环境管理制度有利于降低环境负外部性;而人均GDP与环境负外部性显著正相关。
The paper calculates the negative externality of environment of 21 high pollution industries in China.Firstly,the paper divides negative environmental externality into two types: dominant externality which is measured by direct cost of social economic resource induced by environmental pollution,and recessive externality which is measured by national health and welfare loss; Secondly,according to the data of those industries' "three waste"from year 2002-2012,the paper calculates the environmental pollution indexes using factor analysis method; Thirdly,the paper studies the correlation between environmental pollution indexes and nationalhealth and welfare loss and direct cost of social economic resource using regression analysis method; Fourthly,using differential coefficient method,the paper calculates the total negative environmental externality of high pollution industries; Finally,the conclusion of the paper is that the recessive negative externality is two times higher than that of dominant externality,and degree of opening to outside world has negative correlation with negative environmental externality,and government's institution of environment management has made contributions to reduce environmental negative externalities,but the lever of GDP has possitive correlation to the environmental negative externalities of high pullotion industries.
The paper calculates the negative externality of environment of 21 high pollution industries in China.Firstly,the paper divides negative environmental externality into two types: dominant externality which is measured by direct cost of social economic resource induced by environmental pollution,and recessive externality which is measured by national health and welfare loss; Secondly,according to the data of those industries' "three waste"from year 2002-2012,the paper calculates the environmental pollution indexes using factor analysis method; Thirdly,the paper studies the correlation between environmental pollution indexes and nationalhealth and welfare loss and direct cost of social economic resource using regression analysis method; Fourthly,using differential coefficient method,the paper calculates the total negative environmental externality of high pollution industries; Finally,the conclusion of the paper is that the recessive negative externality is two times higher than that of dominant externality,and degree of opening to outside world has negative correlation with negative environmental externality,and government's institution of environment management has made contributions to reduce environmental negative externalities,but the lever of GDP has possitive correlation to the environmental negative externalities of high pullotion industries.
引文
[1]李伟,劳川奇.绿色GDP核算的国际实践与启示.生态经济,2006,(9).
[2]蒋志华,李瑞娟.论绿色GDP核算试点中存在的六大问题.统计与决策,2010,(7).
[3]S.J.Kwak,S.H.Yoo.A Constructive Approach to Air-quality Valuation in Korea.Ecological Economics,2001,38(3).
[4]W.R.Dubourg.Estimating the Mortality Costs of Lead Emission in England and Wales.Energy Policy,1996,24(7).
[5]李继,郝吉明,段雷等.SO2排放造成的森林损失计算:以湖南省为例.环境科学,2002,23(6).
[6]杨志明,王文兴,张婉华等.酸沉降破坏材料造成的经济损失的估算研究.重庆环境科学,1997,(2).
[7]陈硕,陈婷.空气质量与公共健康:以火电厂二氧化硫排放为例.经济研究,2014,(8).
[8]M.A.Delucchi.The Health and Visibility Cost of Air Pollution:A Comparison of Estimation Methods.Journal of Environmental Management,2002,64(2).
[9]李莹,白墨等.居民为改善北京市大气环境质量的支付意愿研究.城市环境与城市生态,2001,(5).
[10]胡雁.青岛市大气污染对人体健康经济损失评估.中国公共卫生,2003,(8).
[11]袁广达.我国工业行业生态环境成本补偿标准设计——基于环境损害成本的计量方法与会计处理.会计研究,2014,(8).
[12]B.Rrunekreef,S.T.Holgate.Air Pollution and Health.The lancet,2002,36.
[13]中国环保部.新常态下环境保护对经济的影响分析报告.2015.
[14]N.Künzli,S.Medina.Public-health Impact of Outdoor and Traffic-related Air Pollution:A European Assessment.The Lancet,2000,356.
[15]何庆慈,孔玲莉.空气污染对学龄儿童呼吸系统影响的研究.护理学杂志,2003,(5).
[16]W.Antweiler,B.R.Copeland,M.S.Taylor.Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?American Economic Review,2001,91(4).
[17]党玉婷.中国对外贸易与环境污染——基于多边及双边贸易的污染含量分析.南开大学博士学位论文,2010.
[18]张相文,黄娟,李婷等.产品内分工下中国对外贸易对环境污染的影响——基于投入产出模型的分析.宏观经济研究,2012,(4).
[19]席俊清,韩相宇,敬红等.论建设项目“三同时”验收监测的性质与作用.中国环境监测,2003,(10).
[20]M.Mani,D.Wheeler.In search of pollution havens?Dirty industry in the world economy,1960 to 1995.Journal of Environment&Development,1998,7(3).
[21]刘渝琳,温怀玉.外商直接投资、对外贸易与环境污染的实证研究.当代经济科学,2008,30(2).
[22]张平淡,朱松,朱艳春等.环保投资对中国减排的影响——基于LMDI的分解结果.经济理论与经济管理,2012,(7).
[23]胡飞.产业结构升级、对外贸易与环境污染的关系研究——以我国东部和中部地区为例.经济问题探索,2011,(7).
(1)数据来源:国家环保部2015年相关数据。
(1)要素禀赋假说认为,资本密集型产业的污染水平往往高于劳动密集型产业。
(2)污染天堂假说(Pollution Haven Hypothesis)认为环境规制较松的国家,在环境污染产品生产上具有比较优势,自由贸易将推动环境污染型产业在环境规制较松的国家发展,从而使得这些国家成为“污染天堂”。
(3)在10%水平下显著。
[2]蒋志华,李瑞娟.论绿色GDP核算试点中存在的六大问题.统计与决策,2010,(7).
[3]S.J.Kwak,S.H.Yoo.A Constructive Approach to Air-quality Valuation in Korea.Ecological Economics,2001,38(3).
[4]W.R.Dubourg.Estimating the Mortality Costs of Lead Emission in England and Wales.Energy Policy,1996,24(7).
[5]李继,郝吉明,段雷等.SO2排放造成的森林损失计算:以湖南省为例.环境科学,2002,23(6).
[6]杨志明,王文兴,张婉华等.酸沉降破坏材料造成的经济损失的估算研究.重庆环境科学,1997,(2).
[7]陈硕,陈婷.空气质量与公共健康:以火电厂二氧化硫排放为例.经济研究,2014,(8).
[8]M.A.Delucchi.The Health and Visibility Cost of Air Pollution:A Comparison of Estimation Methods.Journal of Environmental Management,2002,64(2).
[9]李莹,白墨等.居民为改善北京市大气环境质量的支付意愿研究.城市环境与城市生态,2001,(5).
[10]胡雁.青岛市大气污染对人体健康经济损失评估.中国公共卫生,2003,(8).
[11]袁广达.我国工业行业生态环境成本补偿标准设计——基于环境损害成本的计量方法与会计处理.会计研究,2014,(8).
[12]B.Rrunekreef,S.T.Holgate.Air Pollution and Health.The lancet,2002,36.
[13]中国环保部.新常态下环境保护对经济的影响分析报告.2015.
[14]N.Künzli,S.Medina.Public-health Impact of Outdoor and Traffic-related Air Pollution:A European Assessment.The Lancet,2000,356.
[15]何庆慈,孔玲莉.空气污染对学龄儿童呼吸系统影响的研究.护理学杂志,2003,(5).
[16]W.Antweiler,B.R.Copeland,M.S.Taylor.Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?American Economic Review,2001,91(4).
[17]党玉婷.中国对外贸易与环境污染——基于多边及双边贸易的污染含量分析.南开大学博士学位论文,2010.
[18]张相文,黄娟,李婷等.产品内分工下中国对外贸易对环境污染的影响——基于投入产出模型的分析.宏观经济研究,2012,(4).
[19]席俊清,韩相宇,敬红等.论建设项目“三同时”验收监测的性质与作用.中国环境监测,2003,(10).
[20]M.Mani,D.Wheeler.In search of pollution havens?Dirty industry in the world economy,1960 to 1995.Journal of Environment&Development,1998,7(3).
[21]刘渝琳,温怀玉.外商直接投资、对外贸易与环境污染的实证研究.当代经济科学,2008,30(2).
[22]张平淡,朱松,朱艳春等.环保投资对中国减排的影响——基于LMDI的分解结果.经济理论与经济管理,2012,(7).
[23]胡飞.产业结构升级、对外贸易与环境污染的关系研究——以我国东部和中部地区为例.经济问题探索,2011,(7).
(1)数据来源:国家环保部2015年相关数据。
(1)要素禀赋假说认为,资本密集型产业的污染水平往往高于劳动密集型产业。
(2)污染天堂假说(Pollution Haven Hypothesis)认为环境规制较松的国家,在环境污染产品生产上具有比较优势,自由贸易将推动环境污染型产业在环境规制较松的国家发展,从而使得这些国家成为“污染天堂”。
(3)在10%水平下显著。