王权安全与联盟外交:摩洛哥结盟政策的国内根源探析
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摘要
传统联盟理论认为,联盟是国家制衡外部威胁的重要载体。本文研究发现,对于中东君主制国家来说,结盟动机往往是维护相对脆弱的王权安全,其隐性逻辑是"国内安全议程优先于国际安全议程";联盟外交的动力是维护政权稳定,以国际安全合作手段来维护王权安全的政治目标。中东君主制国家的王权安全包括教权与君权两个维度,前者旨在维护伊斯兰教在国家政治意识形态中的主导地位(教权),后者旨在维护王室统治的合法性(君权)。中东君主制国家维护王权安全的最优手段是开展联盟外交,以获取王权安全所需的经济、政治和军事等国际援助。本文以摩洛哥对美国和沙特的联盟外交为深度案例,考察中东君主制国家结盟的背后逻辑。研究发现,中东君主制国家的联盟外交具有"外交服务于内政""王权优于主权""安全依附性高于政治自主性"的鲜明特征。
引文
[1][英]巴里·布赞.人、国家与恐惧.后冷战时代的国际安全研究议程[M].闫健,李剑,译.北京:中央编译出版社,2005.
[2] 刘丰.联盟政治:理论与实践[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2018.
[3] 孙德刚.多元平衡与“准联盟”理论研究[M].北京:时事出版社,2007.
[4] Mohammed Ayoob.Security in the Third World:The Worm about to Turn?[J].International Affairs,1984,60(1).
[5] Curtis R Ryan.Inter-Arab alliances:Regime Security and Jordanian Foreign Policy[M].University Press of Florida,2009.
[6] Irene Fernandez-Molina.Moroccan Foreign Policy Under Mohammed VI,1999-2014[M].Oxon/New York:Routledge,2015.
[7] Hammad Zouitni.La politique ètrangère Marocaine:de quelques étapes et repères[M].Imprimerie Info-Print,2013.
[8] Rachid El Houda?gui.La politique étrangère sous le règne de Hassan II:acteurs,enjeux et processus décisionnels[M].Editions L’Harmattan,2003.
(1)刘丰.联盟政治:理论与实践[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2018.
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(73)值得注意的是,西撒哈拉问题也会成为沙特“惩罚”摩洛哥的工具,如在2017-2018年期间,由于摩洛哥在卡塔尔危机和也门问题上的立场与沙特相左,后者通过国有电视台播放了对“波利萨里奥阵线”友好的电视节目,这也造成了双方的外交冲突。参考:Fahd Iraqi.Maroc :pourquoi l’ambassadeur du roi en Arabie saoudite est retenu à Rabat[N/OL].Jeune Afrique,08 février 2019,https://www.jeuneafrique.com/732137/politique/maroc-arabie-saoudite-il-nest-pas-rare-quun-ambassadeur-soit-retenu-dans-son-pays/.
[2] 刘丰.联盟政治:理论与实践[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2018.
[3] 孙德刚.多元平衡与“准联盟”理论研究[M].北京:时事出版社,2007.
[4] Mohammed Ayoob.Security in the Third World:The Worm about to Turn?[J].International Affairs,1984,60(1).
[5] Curtis R Ryan.Inter-Arab alliances:Regime Security and Jordanian Foreign Policy[M].University Press of Florida,2009.
[6] Irene Fernandez-Molina.Moroccan Foreign Policy Under Mohammed VI,1999-2014[M].Oxon/New York:Routledge,2015.
[7] Hammad Zouitni.La politique ètrangère Marocaine:de quelques étapes et repères[M].Imprimerie Info-Print,2013.
[8] Rachid El Houda?gui.La politique étrangère sous le règne de Hassan II:acteurs,enjeux et processus décisionnels[M].Editions L’Harmattan,2003.
(1)刘丰.联盟政治:理论与实践[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2018.
(2)参考:肯尼思·沃尔兹.国际政治理论[M].苏长和,信强,译.上海:上海人民出版社,2017;[美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特.联盟的起源[M].周丕启,译,北京大学出版,2007;Randall L Schweller.Bandwagoning for Profit:Bringing the Revisionist State Back in[J].International Security,1994,19(1):72-107;Patricia A Weitsman.Alliance Cohesion and Coalition Warfare:The Central Powers and Triple Entente[J].Security Studies,2003,12(3):79-113.关于这类研究综述也可参考:孙德刚.多元平衡与“准联盟”理论研究[M].北京:时事出版社,2007.
(3)参考:Steven R David.Explaining Third World Alignment[J].World Politics,1991,43(2):233-256.Steven R David.Choosing Sides:Alignment and Realignment in the Third World[M].Baltimore and London:The Johns Hopkins University Pres,1991.
(4)参考:Anessa L Kimball.Political Survival,Policy Distribution,and Alliance Formation[J].Journal of Peace Research,2010,47(4):407-419.探讨联盟形成的经济动因还有:Laurie A Brand.Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations:The Political Economy of Alliance Making[M].New York:Columbia University Press,1994.
(5)参考:James D Morrow.Alliances and Asymmetry:An Alternative to the Capability Aggregation Model of Alliances[J].American Journal of Political Science,1991,35(4):904-933.
(6)参考:Randolph M Siverson,Juliann Emmons.Birds of a Feather:Democratic Political Systems and Alliance Choices in the Twentieth Century[J].Journal of Conflict Resolution,1991,35(2):285-306.
(7)消极联盟是指联盟内部不要求高水平安全合作,旨在防止成员国之间冲突的低水平合作联盟,而积极联盟是指高水平的军事合作,具体讨论参考:王石山,王英.同病相怜与联盟形成——非洲联盟政治(1955-2003)[J].国际政治科学,2011(3):74-109.
(8)F Gregory Gause III.Balancing What?Threat Perception and Alliance Choice in the Gulf[J].Security Studies,2003,13(2):273-305.
(9)Richard J Harknett,Jeffrey A VanDenBerg.Alignment theory and interrelated threats:Jordan and the Persian Gulf crisis[J].Security Studies,1997,6(3):112-153;陈忠荣.菲律宾南海政策激进化的内外动因探析——以多重制衡理论为视角的研究[J].当代亚太,2016(5):87-111.
(10)[美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特.联盟的起源[M].周丕启,译,北京:北京大学出版,2007:31-40;F Gregory Gause III.Balancing What?Threat Perception and Alliance Choice in the Gulf[J].Security Studies,2003,13(2):273-305.
(11)王石山,王英.同病相怜与联盟形成——非洲联盟政治(1955-2003)[J].国际政治科学,2011(3):74-109.
(12)孙德刚,安然.“同质化联盟”与沙特—卡塔尔交恶的结构性根源[J].西亚非洲,2018(1):68-87.
(13)最早对“政权安全”一词进行解释的是布赖恩·乔布(Brian L.Job),参考:Brian L Job.The Insecurity Dilemma:National Security of Third World States[C].Boulder:L Rienner Publishers,1992:162;后来理查德·杰克逊(Richard Jackson)对其进行了专门探讨,参考:Richard Jackson.Regime Security[A].// Alan Collins.Contemporary Security Studies[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2007:148;该总结性定义参考:Ozlem Kaygusuz.Authoritarian Neoliberalism and Regime Security in Turkey:Moving to an ‘Exceptional State’ under AKP[J].South European Society and Politics,2018:285.
(14)Gregory D Koblentz.Saddam versus the Inspectors:The Impact of Regime Security on the Verification of Iraq’s WMD Disarmament[J].Journal of Strategic Studies,2018,41(3):383-384.
(15)Yong-Pyo Hong.State Security and Regime Security:President Syngman Rhee and the Insecurity Dilemma in South Korea 1953-60[M].Springer,1999.
(16)Gregory D Koblentz.Saddam versus the Inspectors:The Impact of Regime Security on the Verification of Iraq’s WMD Disarmament[J].Journal of Strategic Studies,2018,41(3):372-409.
(17)Ruonan Liu,Xuefeng Sun.Regime Security First:Explaining Vietnam’s Security Policies Towards the United States and China (1992—2012) [J].The Pacific Review,2015,28(5):169-187.
(18)Barbara Azaola Piazza.The Foreign Policy of Post-Mubarak Egypt and the Strengthening of Relations with Saudi Arabia:Balancing Between Economic Vulnerability and Regional and Regime Security[J/OL].The Journal of North African Studies,2018,https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2018.1454650.
(19)Curtis R Ryan.Regime Security and Shifting Alliances in the Middle East.The Qatar Crisis[R].Project on Middle East Political Sciences,October 2017:35-39.
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(73)值得注意的是,西撒哈拉问题也会成为沙特“惩罚”摩洛哥的工具,如在2017-2018年期间,由于摩洛哥在卡塔尔危机和也门问题上的立场与沙特相左,后者通过国有电视台播放了对“波利萨里奥阵线”友好的电视节目,这也造成了双方的外交冲突。参考:Fahd Iraqi.Maroc :pourquoi l’ambassadeur du roi en Arabie saoudite est retenu à Rabat[N/OL].Jeune Afrique,08 février 2019,https://www.jeuneafrique.com/732137/politique/maroc-arabie-saoudite-il-nest-pas-rare-quun-ambassadeur-soit-retenu-dans-son-pays/.