水上飞机起飞历程的水动力特性研究
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摘要
水上飞机能够在水面高效起降得益于船体布局的精细化设计,而深入掌握水上飞机的水面起飞滑行规律对于飞机的研制至关重要。采用水池拖曳试验和数值模拟方法两种研究方法探寻流动机制,分析大型两栖水上飞机滑行过程中的水动力特性。结果表明:利用计算流体动力学技术可以较为精确地模拟复杂外形的两相流耦合六自由度运动,与水池拖曳试验的流场形态和模型动力学特性吻合,在起飞全过程中阻力误差均在10%以内;对于带起落架舱的大型两栖水上飞机,前体舭弯产生的强烈喷溅是阻力峰产生的根本原因。
Benefit from the refined design of the hull layout,the seaplane can efficiently take off and land on the water surface.In-depth understanding characteristics of the water take-off and taxiing is crucial for the development of aircraft.Two research methods,pool towing test and numerical simulation method,are used to explore the flow mechanism,and the hydrodynamic characteristics of the large-scale amphibious seaplane during taxiing are analyzed.The results show that computational fluid dynamics technology can be used for the two-phase flow coupling six-degree-of-freedom motion of complex shape without any detrimental loss of accuracy,and the flow field and model dynamics in the test are reproduced by simulation,yielding that the resistance error is within10% during the whole take-off process.Furthermore,for large amphibious seaplanes with undercarriage bay,the strong splash from the fore-body hull is the root cause of the hump drag.
Benefit from the refined design of the hull layout,the seaplane can efficiently take off and land on the water surface.In-depth understanding characteristics of the water take-off and taxiing is crucial for the development of aircraft.Two research methods,pool towing test and numerical simulation method,are used to explore the flow mechanism,and the hydrodynamic characteristics of the large-scale amphibious seaplane during taxiing are analyzed.The results show that computational fluid dynamics technology can be used for the two-phase flow coupling six-degree-of-freedom motion of complex shape without any detrimental loss of accuracy,and the flow field and model dynamics in the test are reproduced by simulation,yielding that the resistance error is within10% during the whole take-off process.Furthermore,for large amphibious seaplanes with undercarriage bay,the strong splash from the fore-body hull is the root cause of the hump drag.
引文
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[2]Ernest G Stout.Development of high-speed water-based aircraft[J].Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences,1950,17(8):457-480.
[3]Savitsky D,Morabito M.Surface wave contours associated with the forebody wake of stepped planing hulls[J].Marine Technology,2010,47(1):1-16.
[4]Qiu L J,Song W B.Efficient decoupled hydrodynamic and aerodynamic analysis of amphibious aircraft water takeoff process[J].Journal of Aircraft,2013,50(5):1369-1379.
[5]Shen Z,Wan D,Carrica P M.Dynamic overset grids in OpenFOAM with application to KCS self-propulsion and maneuvering[J].Ocean Engineering,2015,108:287-306.
[6]Qu Q L,Liu C S,Liu P Q,et al.Numerical simulation of water-landing performance of a regional aircraft[C]∥54th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting,2016:1773.
[7]Hugli Jr W C,Axt W C.Hydrodynamic investigation of a series of hull models suitable for small flying boats and amphibians[R].NACA Technical Note 2503,Washington D.C.:NACA,1951.
[8]Anderson Jr J D.Fundamentals of aerodynamics[M].4th ed.New York:Tata McGraw-Hill Education,2010:40-51.
[9]Greenshields C J.OpenFOAM user guide[M].4th ed.London:OpenFOAM Foundation Ltd,2015.
[10]Issa R I.Solution of the implicitly discretised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting[J].Journal of Computational Physics,1986,62(1):40-65.
[11]Rhie C M,Chow W L.Numerical study of the turbulent flow past an airfoil with trailing edge separation[J].AIAAJournal,1983,21(11):1525-1532.
[12]Peng K F.Rhie-Chow interpolation in OpenFOAM[EB/OL].(2006-5-22)[2018-11-09].http:∥www.tfd.chalmers.se/~hani/kurser/OS_CFD_2007/rhiechow.pdf.
[13]Barron R M,Salehi N A.Effects of under-relaxation factors on turbulent flow simulations[J].International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids,2003,42(8):923-928.
[14]Menter F R,Carregal F J,Esch T,et al.The SST turbulence model with improved wall treatment for heat transfer predictions in gas turbines[C]∥Tokyo:Proceedings of the International Gas Turbine Congress,2003.
[15]褚林塘.水上飞机水动力设计[M].北京:航空工业出版社,2014:133-145.Chu Lingtang.Seaplane hydrodynamic design[M].Beijing:Aviation Industry Press,2014:133-145.(in Chinese)