基于SWAT模型的紫色土丘陵区农业小流域非点源氮、磷输出模拟研究
|
摘要
【目的】农业非点源污染是造成水体富营养化的重要形式,紫色土丘陵区小流域农耕活动频繁,缺乏对农事操作所导致的氮、磷迁移通量的模拟和预测工具,从而难以针对小流域尺度氮、磷流失制定优化的非点源污染减控措施。【方法】本研究将SWAT运用在面积为12.36 km~2的典型紫色土丘陵区农业小流域。通过实测数据率定模型参数,模拟了小流域水文过程和氮、磷污染物迁移过程。【结果】SWAT2012能够很好地模拟每日径流、泥沙输出(决定系数R~2>0.60,纳什系数E_(ns)>0.55),同时可模拟月步长氮、磷污染物输出过程(决定系数R~2>0.75,纳什系数E_(ns)>0.72),说明SWAT模型可有效地进行丘陵区较小尺度小流域(10 km~2)面源污染输移模拟和预测。【结论】模拟结果可得出,氮、磷污染物的关键源区主要位于小流域沟谷区,通过建设河岸缓冲带可有效防止地表和地下径流途径的氮、磷损失。
【Objective】Agricultural non-point source pollution was the main cause of water eutrophication in hilly area of purple soils. The small watershed in purple soil area experienced intense farming activities,however,the agricultural watersheds in this area were the lack of observed data and prediction tools of nitrogen and phosphorus export fluxes from agricultural catchments. Therefore,it is difficult to develop good solutions aiming at the mitigation of nitrogen and phosphorus in small watershed scale.【Method】In the present study,SWAT was used in a watershed with area of 12. 36 km~2 in typical purple soil region of upper Yangtze River. According to the measured data,SWAT model was adjusted to simulate the river discharge and non-point source pollution processes. 【Result】SWAT succeeded in of monthly and daily discharge simulation with satisfactory performance in the study area( R~2= 0. 6-0. 9,E_(ns)= 0. 55-0. 9),and SWAT could simulate the transportation of nitrogen and phosphorus with good fitness based on monthly interval( R~2= 0. 75-0. 91,E_(ns)= 0. 72-0. 80). It was proved the SWAT could be successively applied in a complex agricultural watershed( 10 km~2) at hilly area of purple soil. 【Conclusion】The critical source areas for non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus were identified,so as to formulate countermeasures preventing nonpoint source pollutions in the study region.
【Objective】Agricultural non-point source pollution was the main cause of water eutrophication in hilly area of purple soils. The small watershed in purple soil area experienced intense farming activities,however,the agricultural watersheds in this area were the lack of observed data and prediction tools of nitrogen and phosphorus export fluxes from agricultural catchments. Therefore,it is difficult to develop good solutions aiming at the mitigation of nitrogen and phosphorus in small watershed scale.【Method】In the present study,SWAT was used in a watershed with area of 12. 36 km~2 in typical purple soil region of upper Yangtze River. According to the measured data,SWAT model was adjusted to simulate the river discharge and non-point source pollution processes. 【Result】SWAT succeeded in of monthly and daily discharge simulation with satisfactory performance in the study area( R~2= 0. 6-0. 9,E_(ns)= 0. 55-0. 9),and SWAT could simulate the transportation of nitrogen and phosphorus with good fitness based on monthly interval( R~2= 0. 75-0. 91,E_(ns)= 0. 72-0. 80). It was proved the SWAT could be successively applied in a complex agricultural watershed( 10 km~2) at hilly area of purple soil. 【Conclusion】The critical source areas for non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus were identified,so as to formulate countermeasures preventing nonpoint source pollutions in the study region.
引文
[1]牛志明,解明曙,孙阁.ANSWER2000在小流域土壤侵蚀过程模拟中的应用研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(3):56-60.
[2]Haregeweyn N,Yohannes F.Testing and evaluation of the agricultural non-point source pollution model(AGNPS)on Augucho catchment,western Hararghe,Ethiopia[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2003,99(1):201-212.
[3]Douglas-Mankin K R,Srinivasan R,Arnold J G.Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)Model:current developments and applications[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2010,53(5):14-23.
[4]Farida Dechmi,Javier Burguete,Ahmed Skhiri.SWAT application in intensive irrigation systems:model modification,calibration and validation[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,470-471(12):227-238.
[5]Grizzetti B,Bouraoui F,Granlund K,et al.Modelling diffuse emission and retention of nutrients in the Vantaanjoki watershed(Finland)using the SWAT model[J].Ecological Modelling,2003,169(1):25-38.
[6]程红光,郝芳华,任希岩,等.不同降雨条件下非点源污染氮负荷入河系数研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(3):392-397.
[7]张思聪,刘铭怀.竹竿河流域面源污染模拟计算和分析[J].水力发电学报,2006,25(5):51-57.
[8]李仲明.中国紫色土(上篇)[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.
[9]高美荣,朱波,陈克亮,等.紫色土丘陵区典型小流域水体N,P含量及其环境特征[J].地球科学进展,2004,19:487-490.
[10]Kirsch K,Kirsch A,Arnold J.Predicting sediment and phosphorus loads in the Rock River basin using SWAT[J].Forest,2002,971:10.
[11]龚子同,陈志诚.中国土壤系统分类参比[J].土壤,1999,31(2):57-63.
[12]Tang J,Mc Donald S,Peng X,et al.Modelling Cryptosporidium oocysts transport in small ungauged agricultural catchments[J].Water Research,2011,45(12):3665-3680.
[13]Lai G,Yu G,Gui F.Preliminary study on assessment of nutrient transport in the Taihu Basin based on SWAT modelling[J].Science in China Series D,2006,49(1):135-145.
[14]Morris M D.Factorial sampling plans for preliminary computational experiments[J].Technometrics,1991,33(2):161-174.
[15]Borah D K,Bera M.Watershed-scale hydrologic and nonpointsource pollution models:Review of applications[J].Transactions of the ASAE,2004,47(3):789.
[16]Lam Q D,Schmalz B,Fohrer N.Modelling point and diffuse source pollution of nitrate in a rural lowland catchment using the SWAT model[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(2):317-325.
[17]Zhao P,Feng X,Huang D,et al.Basic concepts and recent advances in nitro phenol reduction by gold-and other transition metal nanoparticles[J].Coordination Chemistry Reviews,2015,287:114-136.
[18]张剑.紫色土丘陵区典型小流域非点源氮磷迁移的模拟研究[D].中国科学院研究生院,2010:115-116.
[19]周慧平,高超,朱晓东.关键源区识别:农业非点源污染控制方法[J].生态学报,2005,25(12):3368-3374.
[20]盛盈盈,赖格英,李世伟.基于SWAT模型的梅江流域非点源污染时空分布特征[J].热带地理,2015(3):306-314.
[21]Tao W,Bo Z,Fuhong K.Reducing interflow nitrogen loss from hillslope cropland in a purple soil hilly region in southwestern China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2012,93(3):285-295.
[22]Conan C,Bouraoui F,Turpin N,et al.Modeling flow and nitrate fate at catchment scale in Brittany(France)[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32(6):2026-2032.
[23]陈金林,潘根兴,张爱国,等.林带对太湖地区农业非点源污染地控制[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(6):17-20.
[2]Haregeweyn N,Yohannes F.Testing and evaluation of the agricultural non-point source pollution model(AGNPS)on Augucho catchment,western Hararghe,Ethiopia[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2003,99(1):201-212.
[3]Douglas-Mankin K R,Srinivasan R,Arnold J G.Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)Model:current developments and applications[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2010,53(5):14-23.
[4]Farida Dechmi,Javier Burguete,Ahmed Skhiri.SWAT application in intensive irrigation systems:model modification,calibration and validation[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,470-471(12):227-238.
[5]Grizzetti B,Bouraoui F,Granlund K,et al.Modelling diffuse emission and retention of nutrients in the Vantaanjoki watershed(Finland)using the SWAT model[J].Ecological Modelling,2003,169(1):25-38.
[6]程红光,郝芳华,任希岩,等.不同降雨条件下非点源污染氮负荷入河系数研究[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(3):392-397.
[7]张思聪,刘铭怀.竹竿河流域面源污染模拟计算和分析[J].水力发电学报,2006,25(5):51-57.
[8]李仲明.中国紫色土(上篇)[M].北京:科学出版社,1991.
[9]高美荣,朱波,陈克亮,等.紫色土丘陵区典型小流域水体N,P含量及其环境特征[J].地球科学进展,2004,19:487-490.
[10]Kirsch K,Kirsch A,Arnold J.Predicting sediment and phosphorus loads in the Rock River basin using SWAT[J].Forest,2002,971:10.
[11]龚子同,陈志诚.中国土壤系统分类参比[J].土壤,1999,31(2):57-63.
[12]Tang J,Mc Donald S,Peng X,et al.Modelling Cryptosporidium oocysts transport in small ungauged agricultural catchments[J].Water Research,2011,45(12):3665-3680.
[13]Lai G,Yu G,Gui F.Preliminary study on assessment of nutrient transport in the Taihu Basin based on SWAT modelling[J].Science in China Series D,2006,49(1):135-145.
[14]Morris M D.Factorial sampling plans for preliminary computational experiments[J].Technometrics,1991,33(2):161-174.
[15]Borah D K,Bera M.Watershed-scale hydrologic and nonpointsource pollution models:Review of applications[J].Transactions of the ASAE,2004,47(3):789.
[16]Lam Q D,Schmalz B,Fohrer N.Modelling point and diffuse source pollution of nitrate in a rural lowland catchment using the SWAT model[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(2):317-325.
[17]Zhao P,Feng X,Huang D,et al.Basic concepts and recent advances in nitro phenol reduction by gold-and other transition metal nanoparticles[J].Coordination Chemistry Reviews,2015,287:114-136.
[18]张剑.紫色土丘陵区典型小流域非点源氮磷迁移的模拟研究[D].中国科学院研究生院,2010:115-116.
[19]周慧平,高超,朱晓东.关键源区识别:农业非点源污染控制方法[J].生态学报,2005,25(12):3368-3374.
[20]盛盈盈,赖格英,李世伟.基于SWAT模型的梅江流域非点源污染时空分布特征[J].热带地理,2015(3):306-314.
[21]Tao W,Bo Z,Fuhong K.Reducing interflow nitrogen loss from hillslope cropland in a purple soil hilly region in southwestern China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2012,93(3):285-295.
[22]Conan C,Bouraoui F,Turpin N,et al.Modeling flow and nitrate fate at catchment scale in Brittany(France)[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32(6):2026-2032.
[23]陈金林,潘根兴,张爱国,等.林带对太湖地区农业非点源污染地控制[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,26(6):17-20.