薄层紫色土坡耕地胶体颗粒随地表径流及裂隙潜流迁移规律
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摘要
为查明薄层紫色土坡耕地土-岩二元结构中胶体颗粒随地表径流和泥岩裂隙潜流迁移的规律,在2015年3场自然降雨事件中对1 500 m~2大型坡耕地径流场进行监测研究。结果表明:1)地表径流的产流方式主要受土壤前期水饱和度、降雨强度和历时影响;裂隙潜流则主要受降雨量控制,其峰值流量对降雨的响应滞后于地表径流30 min左右;坡中部和坡下部对地表径流、裂隙潜流的贡献明显高于坡上部。2)地表径流中胶体颗粒质量浓度数十倍于裂隙潜流,最高可达4 827 mg/L,单场降雨事件中地表径流胶体迁移总量可超过7 kg。3)地表径流和裂隙潜流中胶体迁移速度快于径流,胶体质量浓度峰值的出现早于径流量峰值;地表径流中的胶体颗粒质量浓度主要受土壤水饱和度和径流过程控制。该研究结果对于估算农田中胶体结合态污染物的迁移通量具有参考价值。
Colloids are defined as suspended fine particles with<10μm diameter,which are ubiquitously present in subsurface geologic media.Excessive transport of colloids from terrestrial to aquatic environments may lead to various adverse impacts.It is important to quantify the export of colloids from agricultural field via surface runoff and subsurface flows as they may act as carriers of various strongly sorbing contaminants(e.g.,radionuclides,heavy metals,pesticides).A field study on the dynamics of flow processes and associated colloid transport was carried out in a 1 500 m~2 sloping(6°)farmland plot with thin purple soil layer overlying fractured mudrock in the hilly area of central Sichuan Basin,Southwest China.The plot was hydrologically isolated from the surrounding geologic formations with cement walls inserted into the impermeable sandstone layer for 20 cm that underlies the mudrock layer.Rain-fed cultivation was practiced under corn-wheat rotation at the study site.There were 6tensiometers installed at the 3 locations on the upslope(at depths of 15 and 25 cm),mid-slope(at depths of 15 and 45 cm)and downslope(at depths of 15 and 45 cm)to determine the dynamics of soil water potential.The discharge of surface runoff and fracture flow was recorded with tipping buckets connected an event data logger.Monitoring results for 3 representative rain events with distinctively different rain amounts,durations and intensities in the summer of 2015 showed that:1)The generation mechanism of surface runoff varied over time as the rainfall proceeded,depending on antecedent soil wetness and the intensity and duration of rainfall;the highest depth(3.10 mm)of surface runoff was observed in the event on June 29having the highest rainfall intensity(27.2 mm/h)and the greatest preceding rainfall of 64.6 mm.2)Rain amount governed the dynamics of fracture flow.Moreover,due to the apparently better connectivity of transport pathways and hydrodynamic condition,surface runoff showed quicker response to rainfall and earlier discharge peak as compared to fracture flow.3)Contributions of the mid-slope and downslope to surface runoff as well as fracture flow were obviously higher than that of the upslope.4)The dynamics of colloid concentration responded faster to rainfall than both surface runoff and fracture flow despite the distinct differences in transport pathway,retaining mechanism and discharge;colloid concentration peak of fracture flow appeared later than that of surface runoff.5)Colloid concentration in surface runoff was controlled by soil water saturation and hydrological conditions,and showed a more distinct trend of quick rising and falling as compared to fracture flow.During storm events,surface runoff was much stronger than fracture flow in transporting colloids,as indicated by markedly higher colloid concentration and cumulative colloid discharge observed in surface runoff.For example,during the rain event on June 29 in which surface runoff dominated,and the maximum concentration and cumulative discharge of colloids in surface runoff(4 827 mg/L and 7 177 g,respectively)were both more than 30 times of those in fracture flow(146 mg/L and129 g,respectively).In the rain event on September 9,which was dominated by fracture flow(the flow depth of surface runoff and fracture flow was 1.08 and 9.81 mm,respectively),the cumulative colloid discharge in surface runoff(628.51 g)was still higher than that in fracture flow(546.12 g).Given the potential of facilitating the rapid transport of nutrients(e.g.,phosphorus in particular)and pesticides over a long distance for colloid,our results can provide the reference for accurately predicting their export fluxes from farmland.
Colloids are defined as suspended fine particles with<10μm diameter,which are ubiquitously present in subsurface geologic media.Excessive transport of colloids from terrestrial to aquatic environments may lead to various adverse impacts.It is important to quantify the export of colloids from agricultural field via surface runoff and subsurface flows as they may act as carriers of various strongly sorbing contaminants(e.g.,radionuclides,heavy metals,pesticides).A field study on the dynamics of flow processes and associated colloid transport was carried out in a 1 500 m~2 sloping(6°)farmland plot with thin purple soil layer overlying fractured mudrock in the hilly area of central Sichuan Basin,Southwest China.The plot was hydrologically isolated from the surrounding geologic formations with cement walls inserted into the impermeable sandstone layer for 20 cm that underlies the mudrock layer.Rain-fed cultivation was practiced under corn-wheat rotation at the study site.There were 6tensiometers installed at the 3 locations on the upslope(at depths of 15 and 25 cm),mid-slope(at depths of 15 and 45 cm)and downslope(at depths of 15 and 45 cm)to determine the dynamics of soil water potential.The discharge of surface runoff and fracture flow was recorded with tipping buckets connected an event data logger.Monitoring results for 3 representative rain events with distinctively different rain amounts,durations and intensities in the summer of 2015 showed that:1)The generation mechanism of surface runoff varied over time as the rainfall proceeded,depending on antecedent soil wetness and the intensity and duration of rainfall;the highest depth(3.10 mm)of surface runoff was observed in the event on June 29having the highest rainfall intensity(27.2 mm/h)and the greatest preceding rainfall of 64.6 mm.2)Rain amount governed the dynamics of fracture flow.Moreover,due to the apparently better connectivity of transport pathways and hydrodynamic condition,surface runoff showed quicker response to rainfall and earlier discharge peak as compared to fracture flow.3)Contributions of the mid-slope and downslope to surface runoff as well as fracture flow were obviously higher than that of the upslope.4)The dynamics of colloid concentration responded faster to rainfall than both surface runoff and fracture flow despite the distinct differences in transport pathway,retaining mechanism and discharge;colloid concentration peak of fracture flow appeared later than that of surface runoff.5)Colloid concentration in surface runoff was controlled by soil water saturation and hydrological conditions,and showed a more distinct trend of quick rising and falling as compared to fracture flow.During storm events,surface runoff was much stronger than fracture flow in transporting colloids,as indicated by markedly higher colloid concentration and cumulative colloid discharge observed in surface runoff.For example,during the rain event on June 29 in which surface runoff dominated,and the maximum concentration and cumulative discharge of colloids in surface runoff(4 827 mg/L and 7 177 g,respectively)were both more than 30 times of those in fracture flow(146 mg/L and129 g,respectively).In the rain event on September 9,which was dominated by fracture flow(the flow depth of surface runoff and fracture flow was 1.08 and 9.81 mm,respectively),the cumulative colloid discharge in surface runoff(628.51 g)was still higher than that in fracture flow(546.12 g).Given the potential of facilitating the rapid transport of nutrients(e.g.,phosphorus in particular)and pesticides over a long distance for colloid,our results can provide the reference for accurately predicting their export fluxes from farmland.
引文
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[28]Le?o T P,Guimar?es T L B,Figueiredo C C D,et al.On critical coagulation concentration theory and grain size analysis of oxisols[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77(77):1955-1964.
[29]Yu C,Mu?oz-Carpena R,Gao B,et al.Effects of ionic strength,particle size,flow rate,and vegetation type on colloid transport through a dense vegetation saturated soil system:Experiments and modeling[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,499(9):316-323.
[30]Sen T K,Khilar K C.Review on subsurface colloids and colloid-associated contaminant transport in saturated porous media[J].Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,2006,119(2):71-96.
[31]杨悦锁,王园园,宋晓明,等.土壤和地下水环境中胶体与污染物共迁移研究进展[J].化工学报,2017,68(1):23-36.Yang Yuesuo,Wang Yuanyuan,Song Xiaoming,et al.Co-transport of colloids and facilitated contaminants in subsurface environment[J].CIESC Journal,2017,68(1):23-36.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]王占礼.中国土壤侵蚀影响因素及其危害分析[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(4):14-16.Wang Zhanli.Analyses of affecting factors of soil erosion and its harms in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2000,16(4):14-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[34]王瑄,李占斌,尚佰晓,等.坡面土壤剥蚀率与水蚀因子关系室内模拟试验[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(9):22-26.Wang Xuan,Li Zhanbin,Shang Baixiao,et al.Indoor simulation experiment of the relationship between soil detachment rate and water erosion factor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(9):22-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[38]Zhang W,Tang X Y,Xian Q S,et al.A field study of colloid transport in surface and subsurface flows[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,542:101-114.
[2]Palmer M A,Covich A P,Lake S A M,et al.Linkages between aquatic sediment biota and life above sediments as potential drivers of biodiversity and ecological processes[J].Bioscience,2000,50(12):1062-1075.
[3]Grabowski R C,Gurnell A M.Diagnosing problems of fine sediment delivery and transfer in a lowland catchment[J].Aquatic Sciences,2016,78(1):95-106.
[4]Zhang W,Tang X,Weisbrod N,et al.A review of colloid transport in fractured rocks[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2012,9(6):770-787.
[5]Tang X Y,Weisbrod N.Colloid-facilitated transport of lead in natural discrete fractures[J].Environmental Pollution,2009,157(8/9):2266-2274.
[6]Tang X Y,Weisbrod N.Dissolved and colloidal transport of cesium in natural discrete fractures[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2010,39(3):1066-1076.
[7]Rodrigues S N,Dickson S E,Qu J.Colloid retention mechanisms in single,saturated,variable-aperture fractures[J].Water Research,2013,47(1):31-42.
[8]Weisbrod N,Meron H,Walker S,et al.Virus transport in a discrete fracture[J].Water Research,2013,47(5):1888-1898.
[9]Syngouna V I,Chrysikopoulos C V.Experimental investigation of virus and clay particles cotransport in partially saturated columns packed with glass beads[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2015,440:140-150.
[10]吕俊佳,许端平,李发生.不同环境因子对黑土胶体在饱和多孔介质中运移特性的影响[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(8):875-881.LüJunjia,Xu Duanping,Li Fasheng.Effects of different environmental factors on the transportation of black soil colloid in saturated porous media[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(8):875-881.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Saiers J E,Hornberger G M,Liang L.First-and second-order kinetics approaches for modeling the transport of colloidal particles in porous media[J].Water Resources Research,1994,30(9):2499-2506.
[12]Torkzaban S,Bradford S A,van Genuchten M T,et al.Colloid transport in unsaturated porous media:The role of water content and ionic strength on particle straining[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2008,96(1):113-127.
[13]Flury M,Qiu H.Modeling colloid-facilitated contaminant transport in the vadose zone[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2008,7(2):682-697.
[14]郑子成,秦凤,李廷轩.不同坡度下紫色土地表微地形变化及其对土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(8):168-175.Zheng Zicheng,Qin Feng,Li Tingxuan.Changes in soil surface microrelief of purple soil under different slope gradients and its effects on soil erosion[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(8):168-175.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]史东梅,蒋光毅,彭旭东,等.不同土石比的工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀过程[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(17):152-161.Shi Dongmei,Jiang Guangyi,Peng Xudong,et al.Runoff erosion process on slope of engineering accumulation with different soil-rock ratio[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(17):152-161.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Bradford S A,Simunek J,Bettahar M,et al.Modeling colloid attachment,straining,and exclusion in saturated porous media[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2003,37(10):2242-2250.
[17]Keller A A,Auset M.A review of visualization techniques of biocolloid transport processes at the pore scale under saturated and unsaturated conditions[J].Advances in Water Resources,2007,30(6):1392-1407.
[18]Tang X,Zhu B,Katou H.A review of rapid transport of pesticides from sloping farmland to surface waters:Processes and mitigation strategies[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2012,24(3):351-361.
[19]陈正维,刘兴年,朱波.基于SCS-CN模型的紫色土坡地径流预测[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(7):72-81.Chen Zhengwei,Liu Xingnian,Zhu Bo.Runoff estimation in hillslope cropland of purple soil based on SCS-CN model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(7):72-81.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Zhao P,Tang X,Zhao P,et al.Tracing water flow from sloping farmland to streams using oxygen-18 isotope to study a small agricultural catchment in southwest China[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2013,134:180-194.
[21]朱波,罗贵生,唐家良,等.薄层坡地壤中流测定系统:10064068.6[P].2007-08-15.
[22]吕玉娟.坡耕地紫色土水力特性及其水分与产流动态研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2013.LüYujuan.Soil Hydraulic Characteristics and Responds of Soil Water and Runoff to Rainfall on Sloping Farmland of Purple Soil[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]张维.紫色土坡地产流过程及胶体迁移研究[D].北京:中国科学院大学,2015.Zhang Wei.Hydrological Processes and Colloid Transport in the Sloping Farmland of Purple Soil[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]Mei L,Bo Z,Hou Y L.Phosphorus release risk on a calcareous purple soil in southwest China.[J].International Journal of Environment&Pollution,2010,40(4):351-362.
[25]Zhang W,Tang X Y,Weisbrod N,et al.A coupled field study of subsurface fracture flow and colloid transport[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,524:476-488.
[26]张维,唐翔宇,鲜青松.紫色土坡地泥岩裂隙潜流中的胶体迁移[J].水科学进展,2015,26(4):543-549.Zhang Wei,Tang Xiangyu,Xian Qingsong.Field-scale study of colloid transport in fracture flow from a sloping farmland of purple soil[J].Advances in Water Science,2015,26(4):543-549.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]Yu C,Gao B,Mu?oz-Carpena R,et al.A laboratory study of colloid and solute transport in surface runoff on saturated soil[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,402(1/2):159-164.
[28]Le?o T P,Guimar?es T L B,Figueiredo C C D,et al.On critical coagulation concentration theory and grain size analysis of oxisols[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77(77):1955-1964.
[29]Yu C,Mu?oz-Carpena R,Gao B,et al.Effects of ionic strength,particle size,flow rate,and vegetation type on colloid transport through a dense vegetation saturated soil system:Experiments and modeling[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,499(9):316-323.
[30]Sen T K,Khilar K C.Review on subsurface colloids and colloid-associated contaminant transport in saturated porous media[J].Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,2006,119(2):71-96.
[31]杨悦锁,王园园,宋晓明,等.土壤和地下水环境中胶体与污染物共迁移研究进展[J].化工学报,2017,68(1):23-36.Yang Yuesuo,Wang Yuanyuan,Song Xiaoming,et al.Co-transport of colloids and facilitated contaminants in subsurface environment[J].CIESC Journal,2017,68(1):23-36.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]王占礼.中国土壤侵蚀影响因素及其危害分析[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(4):14-16.Wang Zhanli.Analyses of affecting factors of soil erosion and its harms in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2000,16(4):14-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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