MM5和ETA相似理论近地层方案对农田下垫面通量模拟比较研究
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摘要
近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义,湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一。选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统,离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA相似理论迭代方案B),并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析。在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下,根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合,发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显。将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算。结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素,在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量,方案A优于方案B,而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量,方案B优于方案A,两种方案总体来看误差不大。对于大理边界层通量观测场农田植被交替的环境条件,不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异,以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显著影响。方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z_0和热量粗糙度z_(0h)的差异,不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A。针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象,使用了Zeng等1998年提出的用辐射地表温度订正裸土下垫面感热能量方法后,计算结果也有明显改善。
Calculation of surface layer turbulent fluxes is very important for atmosphere numerical models.How to parameterize the turbulent fluxes is one of the key research questions in current atmosphere boundary layer study.The paper uses two common schemes(MM5 similarity non-iterative Scheme A and ETA similarity iterative Scheme B) in the Weather Research Forecast Model(WRF) to make offline test and intercomparison of the parameterization results with the PBL eddy-correlation observation.The aerodynamic roughness length(z_0)obtained on the Dali boundary layer is determined before calculating the turbulent fluxes.The aerodynamic roughness length(z_0) by fitting four different heights wind speed from the PBL tower data under neutral condition varies significantly with season due to the obvious changes in underlaying surface conditions during the whole year(horsebean in winter half year and paddy in summer half year).The results show that the vegetation sparseness degree has a significant effect on turbulent fluxes calculation in the Dali cropland.In the unstable condition,Scheme B underestimates the momentum flux,and Scheme A is superior to Scheme B.Conversely,in the stable condition,Scheme A generates lower values with Scheme B is superior to Scheme A.On the whole,both of them produce little error.Scheme B takes account of the difference between aerodynamic roughness length(z_0)and heat roughness length(zoh).The sensible heat flux result of Scheme B is much better than that of Scheme A,especially for the bare soil or sparse vegetation underlaying in the unstable condition.In case of bare soil the calculated sensible heat flux by Scheme B is still larger than the observation.The result is much better,if the(Zeng,et al,1998)'s method using the radiometric surface temperature is adopted.
Calculation of surface layer turbulent fluxes is very important for atmosphere numerical models.How to parameterize the turbulent fluxes is one of the key research questions in current atmosphere boundary layer study.The paper uses two common schemes(MM5 similarity non-iterative Scheme A and ETA similarity iterative Scheme B) in the Weather Research Forecast Model(WRF) to make offline test and intercomparison of the parameterization results with the PBL eddy-correlation observation.The aerodynamic roughness length(z_0)obtained on the Dali boundary layer is determined before calculating the turbulent fluxes.The aerodynamic roughness length(z_0) by fitting four different heights wind speed from the PBL tower data under neutral condition varies significantly with season due to the obvious changes in underlaying surface conditions during the whole year(horsebean in winter half year and paddy in summer half year).The results show that the vegetation sparseness degree has a significant effect on turbulent fluxes calculation in the Dali cropland.In the unstable condition,Scheme B underestimates the momentum flux,and Scheme A is superior to Scheme B.Conversely,in the stable condition,Scheme A generates lower values with Scheme B is superior to Scheme A.On the whole,both of them produce little error.Scheme B takes account of the difference between aerodynamic roughness length(z_0)and heat roughness length(zoh).The sensible heat flux result of Scheme B is much better than that of Scheme A,especially for the bare soil or sparse vegetation underlaying in the unstable condition.In case of bare soil the calculated sensible heat flux by Scheme B is still larger than the observation.The result is much better,if the(Zeng,et al,1998)'s method using the radiometric surface temperature is adopted.
引文
卞林根.2001.青藏高原东南部昌都地区近地层湍流输送的观测研究.应用气象学报,12(1):1-13
郭建侠.2006.华北玉米下垫面湍流输送特征及参数化方案比较研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,93-98
胡艳冰.2007.不同海况下六种湍流通量参数化方案的对比分析.海洋预报,24(2):9-16
李英.2009.青藏高原东坡理塘地区近地层湍流特征研究.高原气象,28(4):745-753
刘辉志.2000.青藏高原改则地区近地层湍流特征.大气科学,24(3):289-300
徐祥德,周明煜,陈家宜等.2001.青藏高原地-气过程动力热力结构、综合物理图象.中国科学(D辑),31(5):428-440
徐祥德.2009.青藏高原“敏感区”对我国灾害天气气候的影响及其监测.中国工程科学,11(10):96-107
杨智,刘劲松,朱以维等.2010.云贵高原西部大理地区近地层湍流特征分析.大气科学学报,33(1):117-124
张人禾,徐祥德.2012.青藏高原及东缘新一代大气综合探测系统应用平台-中日合作JICA项目.中国工程科学,14(9):101-112
周明煜,徐祥德,卞林根等.2000.青藏高原大气边界层观测分析与动力学研究.北京:气象出版社,17-25
Arya S P.1988.Introduction to Micrometeorology.New York:Academic Press,307pp
Beljaars A C M,Holtslag A A M.1991.Flux parameterization over land surfaces for atmospheric models.J Appl Meteor,30(3):327-341
Beljaars A C M.1995.The parameterization of surface fluxes in large-scale models under free convection.Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,121:255-270
Blackadar A K.1976.Modeling the nocturnal boundary layer//Proc.Third Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence,Diffusion and Air Quality.Raleigh,Amer Meteor Soc,46-49
Brutsaert W A.1982.Evaporation into the Atmosphere.Reidel-Publishing,299pp
Businger J A,Wyngaard J C,Izumi Y,et al.1971.Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer.J Atmos Sci,28(2):181-189
Chen F,Mitchell K,Schaake J.1996.Modeling of land-surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations.J Geophys Res,101,7251-7268
Chen F,Janjic Z I,Mitchell K.1997.Impact of atmospheric surface-layer parameterizations in the new land-surface scheme of the NCEP mesoscale Eta Model.Bound Layer Meteor,85:391-421
Chen F,Zhang Y.2009.On the coupling strength between the land surface and the atmosphere:From viewpoint of surface exchange coefficients.Geophys Res Lett,36,L10404,doi:10.1029/2009GL037980
Dyer A J,Hicks B B.1970.Flux-gradient relationships in the constant flux layer.Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,96:715-721
Dyer A J.1974.A review of flux-profile relationships.Bound-Layer Meteor,7(3):363-372
Gao Z Q,Bian L G,Zhou X J.2003.Measurements of turbulent transfer in the near-surface layer over a rice paddy in China.J Geophys Res,108(D13):4387
Garratt J R,Francey R J.1978.Bulk characteristics of heat transfer in the unstable,baroclinic atmospheric boundary layer.Bound Layer Meteor,15:399-421
Hogstrom U L F.1996.Review of some basic characteristics of the atmospheric surface layer.Bound Layer Meteor,78(3-4):215-246
Holtslag A A M,de Bruin H A R.1988.Applied modeling of the nighttime surface energy balance over land.J Appl Meteor,27(6):689-704
Janjic Z I.1994.The step-mountain Eta coordinate model further developments of the convection viscous sublayer and turbulence closure schemes.Mon Wea Rev,122:927-945
Janjic Z I.1996.The surface layer in the NCEP Eta Model//Eleventh Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction.Norfolk,VA,19-23 August;Amer Meteor Soc,Boston,MA,354-355
Janjic Z I.2002.Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model.NCEP Office Note,No.437,61pp
Jimenez P A,Dudhia J,et al.2012.A revised scheme for the WRF surface layer formulation.Mon Wea Rev,140(3):898-918
Monin A S,A M Obukhov.1954.Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere.Contrib Geophys Inst Acad Sci,USSR,(151).163-187
Launiainen J.1995.Derivation of the relationship between the Monin-Obukhov stability parameter and the bulk Richardson number for flux-profile studies.Bound Layer Meteor,76(1-2):165-179
Lobocki L.1993.A procedure for the derivation of surface-layer bulk relationships from simplified second-order closure models.J Appl Meteor,32:126-138
Louis J F.1979.A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere.Bound Layer Meteor,17(2):187-202
Louis J F,Tiedtle M,Geleyn J F.1982.A short history of the PBL Parameterization at ECMWF.Proceedings of the 1981 ECMWF Workshop on Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization,59-80
Paulson C A.1970.The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer.J Appl Meteor,9:857-861
Rosero E,Yang Z L,Wagener T,et al.2010.Quantifying parameter sensitivity,interaction,and transferability in hydrologieally enhanced versions of the Noah land surface model over transition zones during the warm season.J Geophys Res,115(D03106):l-21
Schuepp P H,Leclerc M Y,MacPherson J I,et al.1990.Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solution of the diffusion equation.Bound Layer Meteor,50:355-373
Uno I,Cai X M,Steyn D G,et al.1995.A simple extension of the Louis method for rough surface layer modeling.Bound Layer Meteor,76:395-409
Xu X D,Zhang R H,Koike T,et al.2008.A new integrated observational system over the Tibetan Plateau.Amer Meteor Soc,1492-1496
Wang S P,Wang Q,Doyle J.2002.Some improvements of Louis surface flux parameterization//Preprints,15th Symposium on Boundary Layer and Turbulence.Amer Meteor Soc,Wageningen,Netherlands,547-550
Webb E K.1970,Profile relationships:The log-linear range,and extension to strong stability.Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,96:67-90
Zeng X,R E Dickinson.1998.Effect of surface sublayer on surface skin temperature and fluxes.J Climate,11:537-550
Zhang D L,Anthes R A.1982.A high-resolution model of the planetary boundary layer—Eensitivity tests and comparisons with SESAME-79 data.J Appl Meteor,21:1594-1609
Zilitinkevich S S.1995.Non-local turbulent transport:pollution dispersion aspects of coherent structure of convective flows//Power H,Mousstopoulos N,Brebbia C A.Air PollutionⅢ—VolumeⅠ.Air Pollution Theory and Simulation.Southampton Boston Computational Mechanics Publications,53-60
郭建侠.2006.华北玉米下垫面湍流输送特征及参数化方案比较研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,93-98
胡艳冰.2007.不同海况下六种湍流通量参数化方案的对比分析.海洋预报,24(2):9-16
李英.2009.青藏高原东坡理塘地区近地层湍流特征研究.高原气象,28(4):745-753
刘辉志.2000.青藏高原改则地区近地层湍流特征.大气科学,24(3):289-300
徐祥德,周明煜,陈家宜等.2001.青藏高原地-气过程动力热力结构、综合物理图象.中国科学(D辑),31(5):428-440
徐祥德.2009.青藏高原“敏感区”对我国灾害天气气候的影响及其监测.中国工程科学,11(10):96-107
杨智,刘劲松,朱以维等.2010.云贵高原西部大理地区近地层湍流特征分析.大气科学学报,33(1):117-124
张人禾,徐祥德.2012.青藏高原及东缘新一代大气综合探测系统应用平台-中日合作JICA项目.中国工程科学,14(9):101-112
周明煜,徐祥德,卞林根等.2000.青藏高原大气边界层观测分析与动力学研究.北京:气象出版社,17-25
Arya S P.1988.Introduction to Micrometeorology.New York:Academic Press,307pp
Beljaars A C M,Holtslag A A M.1991.Flux parameterization over land surfaces for atmospheric models.J Appl Meteor,30(3):327-341
Beljaars A C M.1995.The parameterization of surface fluxes in large-scale models under free convection.Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,121:255-270
Blackadar A K.1976.Modeling the nocturnal boundary layer//Proc.Third Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence,Diffusion and Air Quality.Raleigh,Amer Meteor Soc,46-49
Brutsaert W A.1982.Evaporation into the Atmosphere.Reidel-Publishing,299pp
Businger J A,Wyngaard J C,Izumi Y,et al.1971.Flux-profile relationships in the atmospheric surface layer.J Atmos Sci,28(2):181-189
Chen F,Mitchell K,Schaake J.1996.Modeling of land-surface evaporation by four schemes and comparison with FIFE observations.J Geophys Res,101,7251-7268
Chen F,Janjic Z I,Mitchell K.1997.Impact of atmospheric surface-layer parameterizations in the new land-surface scheme of the NCEP mesoscale Eta Model.Bound Layer Meteor,85:391-421
Chen F,Zhang Y.2009.On the coupling strength between the land surface and the atmosphere:From viewpoint of surface exchange coefficients.Geophys Res Lett,36,L10404,doi:10.1029/2009GL037980
Dyer A J,Hicks B B.1970.Flux-gradient relationships in the constant flux layer.Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,96:715-721
Dyer A J.1974.A review of flux-profile relationships.Bound-Layer Meteor,7(3):363-372
Gao Z Q,Bian L G,Zhou X J.2003.Measurements of turbulent transfer in the near-surface layer over a rice paddy in China.J Geophys Res,108(D13):4387
Garratt J R,Francey R J.1978.Bulk characteristics of heat transfer in the unstable,baroclinic atmospheric boundary layer.Bound Layer Meteor,15:399-421
Hogstrom U L F.1996.Review of some basic characteristics of the atmospheric surface layer.Bound Layer Meteor,78(3-4):215-246
Holtslag A A M,de Bruin H A R.1988.Applied modeling of the nighttime surface energy balance over land.J Appl Meteor,27(6):689-704
Janjic Z I.1994.The step-mountain Eta coordinate model further developments of the convection viscous sublayer and turbulence closure schemes.Mon Wea Rev,122:927-945
Janjic Z I.1996.The surface layer in the NCEP Eta Model//Eleventh Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction.Norfolk,VA,19-23 August;Amer Meteor Soc,Boston,MA,354-355
Janjic Z I.2002.Nonsingular Implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 Scheme in the NCEP Meso model.NCEP Office Note,No.437,61pp
Jimenez P A,Dudhia J,et al.2012.A revised scheme for the WRF surface layer formulation.Mon Wea Rev,140(3):898-918
Monin A S,A M Obukhov.1954.Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere.Contrib Geophys Inst Acad Sci,USSR,(151).163-187
Launiainen J.1995.Derivation of the relationship between the Monin-Obukhov stability parameter and the bulk Richardson number for flux-profile studies.Bound Layer Meteor,76(1-2):165-179
Lobocki L.1993.A procedure for the derivation of surface-layer bulk relationships from simplified second-order closure models.J Appl Meteor,32:126-138
Louis J F.1979.A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere.Bound Layer Meteor,17(2):187-202
Louis J F,Tiedtle M,Geleyn J F.1982.A short history of the PBL Parameterization at ECMWF.Proceedings of the 1981 ECMWF Workshop on Planetary Boundary Layer Parameterization,59-80
Paulson C A.1970.The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer.J Appl Meteor,9:857-861
Rosero E,Yang Z L,Wagener T,et al.2010.Quantifying parameter sensitivity,interaction,and transferability in hydrologieally enhanced versions of the Noah land surface model over transition zones during the warm season.J Geophys Res,115(D03106):l-21
Schuepp P H,Leclerc M Y,MacPherson J I,et al.1990.Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes from analytical solution of the diffusion equation.Bound Layer Meteor,50:355-373
Uno I,Cai X M,Steyn D G,et al.1995.A simple extension of the Louis method for rough surface layer modeling.Bound Layer Meteor,76:395-409
Xu X D,Zhang R H,Koike T,et al.2008.A new integrated observational system over the Tibetan Plateau.Amer Meteor Soc,1492-1496
Wang S P,Wang Q,Doyle J.2002.Some improvements of Louis surface flux parameterization//Preprints,15th Symposium on Boundary Layer and Turbulence.Amer Meteor Soc,Wageningen,Netherlands,547-550
Webb E K.1970,Profile relationships:The log-linear range,and extension to strong stability.Quart J Roy Meteor Soc,96:67-90
Zeng X,R E Dickinson.1998.Effect of surface sublayer on surface skin temperature and fluxes.J Climate,11:537-550
Zhang D L,Anthes R A.1982.A high-resolution model of the planetary boundary layer—Eensitivity tests and comparisons with SESAME-79 data.J Appl Meteor,21:1594-1609
Zilitinkevich S S.1995.Non-local turbulent transport:pollution dispersion aspects of coherent structure of convective flows//Power H,Mousstopoulos N,Brebbia C A.Air PollutionⅢ—VolumeⅠ.Air Pollution Theory and Simulation.Southampton Boston Computational Mechanics Publications,53-60