英国革命期间的土地流动
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摘要
17世纪英国爆发了革命,这是英国历史上的转折点,王权与议会的关系发生变化,英国走向宪政之路。在英国革命中,大量王室地产、教会地产与王党地产被没收和出售。在革命尚未结束之时,大部分地产又复归原主或流向其他土地持有人手中,进一步巩固了地产主阶层的实力。土地流动是资源配置的重要方式之一,这对英国社会产生了深远影响。
English Revolution was a turning point in British history in the 17 th century. The relationship between kingship and parliament changed and England moved towards constitutionalism. During the English Revolution, a large number of royal, church and royalist properties were confiscated and sold. Before the end of the Revolution, most of the properties were restored to the owners or flowed into the hands of other landlords, which further consolidated the strength of the property owners. Land mobility is one of the important ways of resource allocationand has a far-reaching impact on British society.
English Revolution was a turning point in British history in the 17 th century. The relationship between kingship and parliament changed and England moved towards constitutionalism. During the English Revolution, a large number of royal, church and royalist properties were confiscated and sold. Before the end of the Revolution, most of the properties were restored to the owners or flowed into the hands of other landlords, which further consolidated the strength of the property owners. Land mobility is one of the important ways of resource allocationand has a far-reaching impact on British society.
引文
②“英国革命”这一术语用来描述17世纪英国发生的政治冲突,本文主要探讨1640—1660年内战和共和时期(English Civil Wars and Commonwealth)的土地流动情况。参见Leon Trotsky,Dictatorship Vs.Democracy,a Reply to Karl Kautsky,New York:Workers party of America,1922,p.49.
③H.Egerton Chesney,“The Transference of Lands in England,1640-1660”,Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.15,1932;P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”,Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970;Paul Gladwish,“The Sale of Royalist Lands after the English Civil War:Two Case Studies from the West Midlands”,Midland History,Vol.29,Issue 1,2004;H.J.Habakkuk,“Public Finance and the Sale of Confiscated Property during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.15,No.1,1962;Joan Thirsk,“The Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.5,No.2,1952;Joan Thirsk,“The Restoration Land Settlement”,The Journal of Modern History,Vol.26,No.4,1954.
(1)例如关勋夏在《英国资产阶级革命和土地问题》一文中以土地问题为中心探讨英国革命的特点,《史学月刊》1984年第4期。
(2)H.Egerton Chesney,“The Transference of Lands in England,1640-1660”,Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.15,1932,pp.198-200,p.202.
(3)H.J.Habakkuk,“The Long-Term Rate of Interest and the Price of Land in the Seventeenth Century”,The Economic History Review,Vol.5,No.1,1952,p.32.
(4)Ian Gentles,The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms (1638-1652),London & New York:Routledge,2007,p.444.
(5)宗教改革期间,国王亨利八世没收修道院地产归为己有,并在出售前进行清查。首先,由国王增收法院颁发授权证;其次,审计员对待售王室地产进行评估,包括土地的性质、价值、购买价格以及对出售的任何限制。例如1544年,威廉·格雷提出购买伯克郡雷丁附近的布尔默舍(Bulmershe)庄园的请求,该庄园以前属于雷丁修道院,现在归亨利八世所有。他还申请买下伯克郡桑宁修道院的所有旧地。参见E 318/11/507,Part of the particulars for the sale of the manor of Bulmershe,following Henry VIII’s dissolution of the monasteries,dated 17 June 1544.
(6)Lawrence Stone,Causes of the English Revolution,London & New York:Routledge,1972,p.154;Ian Gentles,“The Sales of Crown Lands during the English Revolution”,The Economic History Review,Vol.26,No.4,1973,p.621.
(7)这是因为自内战开始,议会就亏欠军队不少军费,到1659年仍欠军队2,200,000英镑以及各种未兑现的债券。参见Ian Gentles,The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms (1638-1652),London & New York:Routledge,2007,p.445.
(8)Ian Gentles,“The Sales of Crown Lands during the English Revolution”,The Economic History Review,Vol.26,No.4,1973,p.615.
(9)Sidney Joseph Madge,The Domesday of Crown Lands:A Study of the Legislation,Surveys,and Sales of Royal Estates Under the Commonwealth,London:G.Routledge & Sons,Ltd.,1938.
(10)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.160-168,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.160-168.
(11)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.168-191,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp168-191.
(12)H.J.Habakkuk,“Public Finance and the Sale of Confiscated Property during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.15,No.1,1962,p.70.
(13)Joan Thirsk,Rural Economy of England,London:The Hambledon Press,1984,p.102.
(14)Ian Gentles,“The Sales of Crown Lands during the English Revolution”,The Economic History Review,Vol.26,No.4,1973,p.620.
(15)Ian Gentles,“The Sales of Crown Lands during the English Revolution”,The Economic History Review,Vol.26,No.4,1973,pp.622-623.
(16)永久租佃地产权(fee farm)是自由继承地产(fee simple)的一种,由保有人及其后代永久保有,需缴纳年租,即永久租佃地地租(fee farm rent),这种租金一般不超过土地年出产的1/4 或1/3。参见薛波主编:《元照英美法词典》,北京:法律出版社,2013年,第541页。
(17)E 317/CARM/23 folio 1,a parliamentary survey commissioned by trustees for crown lands and fee farm rents,dated,July 1650.
(18)H.Egerton Chesney,“The Transference of Lands in England,1640-1660”,Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.15,1932,p.203.
(19)W.G.Hoskins,The Age of Plunder,New York:Longman,1976,pp.138-148.
(20)Robert C.Palmer,Selling the Church,The University of North Carolina Press,2002,p.227.
(21)Sir John Arthur Ransome Marriott,The Life and Times of Lucius Cary,Viscount Falkland,London:Methuen & Co.,1907,p.225.
(22)Henry Gee and William John Hardy,eds.,Documents Illustrative of English Church History,New York:Macmillan,1896,pp.537-545.
(23)Robert Brenner,Merchants and Revolution:Commercial Change,Political Conflict,and London’s Overseas Traders (1550-1653),London & New York:Verso,2003,p.342.
(24)B.H.G.Wormald,Clarendon:Politics,History and Religion (1640-1660),Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989,p.284;Samuel Rawson Gardiner,History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War (1603-1642),Vol.9,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011,p.378.
(25)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.I,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.879-883,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.879-883.
(26)Journal of the House of Commons,Vol.6,reprinted by order of the House of Commons,1802,p.247,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol6/p.247.
(27)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,London,1911,pp.155-156,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.155-156a.
(28)Ian Gentle,“The Sales of Bishops Land in the English Revolution,1646-1660”,The English Historical Review,Vol.95,No.376,1980,p.580.
(29)H.J.Habakkuk,“Public Finance and the Sale of Confiscated Property during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.15,No.1,1962,p.87.
(30)Ian Gentle,“The Sales of Bishops Land in the English Revolution,1646-1660”,The English Historical Review,Vol.95,No.376,1980,p.576.
(31)Ian Gentle,“The Sales of Bishops Land in the English Revolution,1646-1660”,The English Historical Review,Vol.95,No.376,1980,pp.588-589.
(32)Joan Thirsk,“The Restoration Land Settlement”,The Journal of Modern History,Vol.26,No.4,1954,p.316.
(33)Joan Thirsk,“The Restoration Land Settlement”,The Journal of Modern History,Vol.26,No.4,1954,p.319.
(34)H.J.Habakkuk,“Landowners and the Civil War”,The Economic History Review,Vol.18,No.1,1965,p.130.
(35)Joan Thirsk,“The Restoration Land Settlement”,The Journal of Modern History,Vol.26,No.4,1954,p.320.
(36)SP 23/193 folio 49,Committee for Compounding with Delinquents.
(37)Melanie Harrington,“The Earl of Derby and His Tenants:Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum Revisited”,The Economic History Review,Vol.64,No.4,2011,p.1199.
(38)Joan Thirsk,“The Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.5,No.2,1952,p.189.
(39)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.520-545,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.520-545.
(40)Journal of the House of Commons,Vol.6,reprinted by order of the House of Commons,1802,pp.604-605,https://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol6/pp.604-605.
(41)Richard Welford,ed.,Records of the Committees for Compounding,etc.,with Delinquent Royalists in Durham and Northumberland during the Civil War,etc.,Durham:Andrews,& Co.,1905,p.251.
(42)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.591-598,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.591-598.
(43)Journal of the House of Commons,Vol.7,reprinted by order of the House of Commons,1802,p.160,https://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol7/p.160.
(44)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.623-652,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.623-652.
(45)B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion (1640-1660),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.121;Melanie Harrington,“The Earl of Derby and His Tenants:Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum Revisited”,The Economic History Review,Vol.64,No.4,2011,p.1195.
(46)R.C.Bald,Donne & the Drurys,Cambridge:the Universtiy Press,1959,p.109.
(47)P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”,Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970,p.71.
(48)B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion (1640-1660S),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.122.
(49)H.J.Habakkuk,“Landowners and the Civil War”,The Economic History Review,Vol.18,No.1,1965,p.150.
(50)Joan Thirsk,“The Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.5,No.2,1952,p.203.
(51)Ian Gentle,“The Sales of Bishops’ Land in the English Revolution,1646-1660”,The English Historical Review,Vol.95,No.376,1980,p.581.
(52)P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”, Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970,p.82.
(53)Paul Gladwish,“The Sale of Royalist Lands after the English Civil War:Two Case Studies from the West Midlands”,Midland History,Vol.29,Issue 1,2004,p.26.
(54)Joan Thirsk,“The Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.5,No.2,1952,pp.193-194.
(55)SP 23/193 folio 825,Committee for Compounding with Delinquents.
(56)B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion (1640-1660),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.127.
(57)Paul Gladwish,“The Sale of Royalist Lands after the English Civil War:Two Case Studies from the West Midlands”,Midland History,Vol.29,Issue 1,2004,pp.28-29.
(58)P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”, Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970,p.77.
(59)B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion (1640-1660),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.115.
(60)B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion (1640-1660),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.126.
(61)P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”,Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970,p.81.
(62)哈巴库克教授探讨过地主阶层负债情况与重新购买被没收地产的关系。参见H.J.Habakkuk,“Public Finance and the Sale of Confiscated Property during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.15,No.1,1962,pp.79-83.
(63)Joan Thirsk,“The Restoration Land Settlement”,The Journal of Modern History,Vol.26,No.4,1954,p.323.
(64)P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”,Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970,p.80.
(65)例如其中一人罗伯特·施瑞伯恩,在内战时已经负债达2722英镑,施瑞伯恩家族的年收入也从1626年的350英镑下降到1663年的125英镑,其后代也无力恢复被没收的地产。参见B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion(1640-1660),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.125.
(66)Christopher Hill,The Century of Revolution (1603-1714),London & New York:Routledge,1961,p.145.关于修道院地产的流动问题可见孙小娇:《近代早期英国的土地流转——以修道院地产为例》,《世界历史》2015年第1期。
(67)Lawrence Stone,Causes of the English Revolution,London & New York:Routledge,1972,pp.55-56.
(68)C.A.Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change:England (1500-1700),Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984,p.143;Richard Lachmann,From Manor to Market,Structural Change in England (1536-1640),Wisconsin University Press,1987,p.98.
(69)Joyce Youings,“The Terms of Disposal of the Devon Monastic Lands,1536-1558”,The English Historical Review,Vol.69,No.270,1954,p.31;H.J.Habakkuk,“The Market for Monastic Property,1539-1603”,The Economic History Review,Vol.10,No.3,1958,p.380.
(70)Andro Linklater,Owning the Earth:The Transforming History of Land Ownership,New York:Bloomsbury,2013,pp.36-37.
(71)Lloyd Bonfield,Marriage Settlement (1601-1704),the Adoption of the Strict Settlement,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983,pp.49-52.
(72)H.J.Habakkuk,“Landowners and the Civil War”,The Economic History Review,Vol.18,No.1,1965,pp.150-151.
(73)Lloyd Bonfield,Marriage Settlement (1601-1704),the Adoption of the Strict Settlement,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983,p.55.
(74)George C.Brodrick,English Land and English Landlords,London,Paris & New York:Cassell,Petter,Galpin & Co.,1881,p.152.
(4)Ian Gentle,“The Impact of the Sales of Confiscated Land on English Society during the Revolution,1647-1660”,Histoire Sociale/Social History,Vol. 13,No. 26,1980,p. 304.
③H.Egerton Chesney,“The Transference of Lands in England,1640-1660”,Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.15,1932;P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”,Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970;Paul Gladwish,“The Sale of Royalist Lands after the English Civil War:Two Case Studies from the West Midlands”,Midland History,Vol.29,Issue 1,2004;H.J.Habakkuk,“Public Finance and the Sale of Confiscated Property during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.15,No.1,1962;Joan Thirsk,“The Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.5,No.2,1952;Joan Thirsk,“The Restoration Land Settlement”,The Journal of Modern History,Vol.26,No.4,1954.
(1)例如关勋夏在《英国资产阶级革命和土地问题》一文中以土地问题为中心探讨英国革命的特点,《史学月刊》1984年第4期。
(2)H.Egerton Chesney,“The Transference of Lands in England,1640-1660”,Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.15,1932,pp.198-200,p.202.
(3)H.J.Habakkuk,“The Long-Term Rate of Interest and the Price of Land in the Seventeenth Century”,The Economic History Review,Vol.5,No.1,1952,p.32.
(4)Ian Gentles,The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms (1638-1652),London & New York:Routledge,2007,p.444.
(5)宗教改革期间,国王亨利八世没收修道院地产归为己有,并在出售前进行清查。首先,由国王增收法院颁发授权证;其次,审计员对待售王室地产进行评估,包括土地的性质、价值、购买价格以及对出售的任何限制。例如1544年,威廉·格雷提出购买伯克郡雷丁附近的布尔默舍(Bulmershe)庄园的请求,该庄园以前属于雷丁修道院,现在归亨利八世所有。他还申请买下伯克郡桑宁修道院的所有旧地。参见E 318/11/507,Part of the particulars for the sale of the manor of Bulmershe,following Henry VIII’s dissolution of the monasteries,dated 17 June 1544.
(6)Lawrence Stone,Causes of the English Revolution,London & New York:Routledge,1972,p.154;Ian Gentles,“The Sales of Crown Lands during the English Revolution”,The Economic History Review,Vol.26,No.4,1973,p.621.
(7)这是因为自内战开始,议会就亏欠军队不少军费,到1659年仍欠军队2,200,000英镑以及各种未兑现的债券。参见Ian Gentles,The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms (1638-1652),London & New York:Routledge,2007,p.445.
(8)Ian Gentles,“The Sales of Crown Lands during the English Revolution”,The Economic History Review,Vol.26,No.4,1973,p.615.
(9)Sidney Joseph Madge,The Domesday of Crown Lands:A Study of the Legislation,Surveys,and Sales of Royal Estates Under the Commonwealth,London:G.Routledge & Sons,Ltd.,1938.
(10)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.160-168,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.160-168.
(11)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.168-191,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp168-191.
(12)H.J.Habakkuk,“Public Finance and the Sale of Confiscated Property during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.15,No.1,1962,p.70.
(13)Joan Thirsk,Rural Economy of England,London:The Hambledon Press,1984,p.102.
(14)Ian Gentles,“The Sales of Crown Lands during the English Revolution”,The Economic History Review,Vol.26,No.4,1973,p.620.
(15)Ian Gentles,“The Sales of Crown Lands during the English Revolution”,The Economic History Review,Vol.26,No.4,1973,pp.622-623.
(16)永久租佃地产权(fee farm)是自由继承地产(fee simple)的一种,由保有人及其后代永久保有,需缴纳年租,即永久租佃地地租(fee farm rent),这种租金一般不超过土地年出产的1/4 或1/3。参见薛波主编:《元照英美法词典》,北京:法律出版社,2013年,第541页。
(17)E 317/CARM/23 folio 1,a parliamentary survey commissioned by trustees for crown lands and fee farm rents,dated,July 1650.
(18)H.Egerton Chesney,“The Transference of Lands in England,1640-1660”,Transactions of the Royal Historical Society,Vol.15,1932,p.203.
(19)W.G.Hoskins,The Age of Plunder,New York:Longman,1976,pp.138-148.
(20)Robert C.Palmer,Selling the Church,The University of North Carolina Press,2002,p.227.
(21)Sir John Arthur Ransome Marriott,The Life and Times of Lucius Cary,Viscount Falkland,London:Methuen & Co.,1907,p.225.
(22)Henry Gee and William John Hardy,eds.,Documents Illustrative of English Church History,New York:Macmillan,1896,pp.537-545.
(23)Robert Brenner,Merchants and Revolution:Commercial Change,Political Conflict,and London’s Overseas Traders (1550-1653),London & New York:Verso,2003,p.342.
(24)B.H.G.Wormald,Clarendon:Politics,History and Religion (1640-1660),Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989,p.284;Samuel Rawson Gardiner,History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War (1603-1642),Vol.9,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011,p.378.
(25)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.I,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.879-883,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.879-883.
(26)Journal of the House of Commons,Vol.6,reprinted by order of the House of Commons,1802,p.247,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol6/p.247.
(27)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,London,1911,pp.155-156,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.155-156a.
(28)Ian Gentle,“The Sales of Bishops Land in the English Revolution,1646-1660”,The English Historical Review,Vol.95,No.376,1980,p.580.
(29)H.J.Habakkuk,“Public Finance and the Sale of Confiscated Property during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.15,No.1,1962,p.87.
(30)Ian Gentle,“The Sales of Bishops Land in the English Revolution,1646-1660”,The English Historical Review,Vol.95,No.376,1980,p.576.
(31)Ian Gentle,“The Sales of Bishops Land in the English Revolution,1646-1660”,The English Historical Review,Vol.95,No.376,1980,pp.588-589.
(32)Joan Thirsk,“The Restoration Land Settlement”,The Journal of Modern History,Vol.26,No.4,1954,p.316.
(33)Joan Thirsk,“The Restoration Land Settlement”,The Journal of Modern History,Vol.26,No.4,1954,p.319.
(34)H.J.Habakkuk,“Landowners and the Civil War”,The Economic History Review,Vol.18,No.1,1965,p.130.
(35)Joan Thirsk,“The Restoration Land Settlement”,The Journal of Modern History,Vol.26,No.4,1954,p.320.
(36)SP 23/193 folio 49,Committee for Compounding with Delinquents.
(37)Melanie Harrington,“The Earl of Derby and His Tenants:Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum Revisited”,The Economic History Review,Vol.64,No.4,2011,p.1199.
(38)Joan Thirsk,“The Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.5,No.2,1952,p.189.
(39)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.520-545,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.520-545.
(40)Journal of the House of Commons,Vol.6,reprinted by order of the House of Commons,1802,pp.604-605,https://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol6/pp.604-605.
(41)Richard Welford,ed.,Records of the Committees for Compounding,etc.,with Delinquent Royalists in Durham and Northumberland during the Civil War,etc.,Durham:Andrews,& Co.,1905,p.251.
(42)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.591-598,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.591-598.
(43)Journal of the House of Commons,Vol.7,reprinted by order of the House of Commons,1802,p.160,https://www.british-history.ac.uk/commons-jrnl/vol7/p.160.
(44)C.H.Firth and R.S.Rait,eds.,Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum,Vol.II,London:Published by H.M.Stationery Office,1911,pp.623-652,http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/acts-ordinances-interregnum/pp.623-652.
(45)B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion (1640-1660),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.121;Melanie Harrington,“The Earl of Derby and His Tenants:Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum Revisited”,The Economic History Review,Vol.64,No.4,2011,p.1195.
(46)R.C.Bald,Donne & the Drurys,Cambridge:the Universtiy Press,1959,p.109.
(47)P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”,Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970,p.71.
(48)B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion (1640-1660S),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.122.
(49)H.J.Habakkuk,“Landowners and the Civil War”,The Economic History Review,Vol.18,No.1,1965,p.150.
(50)Joan Thirsk,“The Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.5,No.2,1952,p.203.
(51)Ian Gentle,“The Sales of Bishops’ Land in the English Revolution,1646-1660”,The English Historical Review,Vol.95,No.376,1980,p.581.
(52)P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”, Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970,p.82.
(53)Paul Gladwish,“The Sale of Royalist Lands after the English Civil War:Two Case Studies from the West Midlands”,Midland History,Vol.29,Issue 1,2004,p.26.
(54)Joan Thirsk,“The Sales of Royalist Land during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.5,No.2,1952,pp.193-194.
(55)SP 23/193 folio 825,Committee for Compounding with Delinquents.
(56)B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion (1640-1660),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.127.
(57)Paul Gladwish,“The Sale of Royalist Lands after the English Civil War:Two Case Studies from the West Midlands”,Midland History,Vol.29,Issue 1,2004,pp.28-29.
(58)P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”, Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970,p.77.
(59)B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion (1640-1660),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.115.
(60)B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion (1640-1660),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.126.
(61)P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”,Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970,p.81.
(62)哈巴库克教授探讨过地主阶层负债情况与重新购买被没收地产的关系。参见H.J.Habakkuk,“Public Finance and the Sale of Confiscated Property during the Interregnum”,The Economic History Review,Vol.15,No.1,1962,pp.79-83.
(63)Joan Thirsk,“The Restoration Land Settlement”,The Journal of Modern History,Vol.26,No.4,1954,p.323.
(64)P.G.Holiday,“Land Sales and Repurchases in Yorkshire after the Civil Wars,1650-1670”,Northern History,Vol.5,No.1,1970,p.80.
(65)例如其中一人罗伯特·施瑞伯恩,在内战时已经负债达2722英镑,施瑞伯恩家族的年收入也从1626年的350英镑下降到1663年的125英镑,其后代也无力恢复被没收的地产。参见B.G.Blackwood,The Lancashire Gentry and the Great Rebellion(1640-1660),Manchester:Printed for the Chetham Society,1978,p.125.
(66)Christopher Hill,The Century of Revolution (1603-1714),London & New York:Routledge,1961,p.145.关于修道院地产的流动问题可见孙小娇:《近代早期英国的土地流转——以修道院地产为例》,《世界历史》2015年第1期。
(67)Lawrence Stone,Causes of the English Revolution,London & New York:Routledge,1972,pp.55-56.
(68)C.A.Clay, Economic Expansion and Social Change:England (1500-1700),Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1984,p.143;Richard Lachmann,From Manor to Market,Structural Change in England (1536-1640),Wisconsin University Press,1987,p.98.
(69)Joyce Youings,“The Terms of Disposal of the Devon Monastic Lands,1536-1558”,The English Historical Review,Vol.69,No.270,1954,p.31;H.J.Habakkuk,“The Market for Monastic Property,1539-1603”,The Economic History Review,Vol.10,No.3,1958,p.380.
(70)Andro Linklater,Owning the Earth:The Transforming History of Land Ownership,New York:Bloomsbury,2013,pp.36-37.
(71)Lloyd Bonfield,Marriage Settlement (1601-1704),the Adoption of the Strict Settlement,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983,pp.49-52.
(72)H.J.Habakkuk,“Landowners and the Civil War”,The Economic History Review,Vol.18,No.1,1965,pp.150-151.
(73)Lloyd Bonfield,Marriage Settlement (1601-1704),the Adoption of the Strict Settlement,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983,p.55.
(74)George C.Brodrick,English Land and English Landlords,London,Paris & New York:Cassell,Petter,Galpin & Co.,1881,p.152.
(4)Ian Gentle,“The Impact of the Sales of Confiscated Land on English Society during the Revolution,1647-1660”,Histoire Sociale/Social History,Vol. 13,No. 26,1980,p. 304.