中国企业家佛教信仰、组织学习和新创企业绩效
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摘要
本文利用1 135家新创企业样本数据实证检验了中国新创企业家的佛教信仰与新创企业绩效的关系,实证结果发现:(1)中国新创企业家的佛教信仰对新创企业绩效有正向影响;(2)组织学习对新创企业家的中国佛教信仰与新创企业绩效的关系起中介作用;(3)员工组织参与水平在中国新创企业家的佛教信仰与组织学习之间存在着显著的正向调节作用。本文研究丰富和拓展了宗教与创业的相关文献,对于进一步认识中国佛教的经济功能有重要的现实价值。
Based on a sample of 1135 Chinese new ventures,this study added to this line of research by examining the relation between the Buddhist faith of new entrepreneurs and new venture performance. The result suggests that,the Buddhist faith of new entrepreneurs is positively related to new venture performance. And organizational learning plays a mediating role in this relation. Moreover,employees' participation level positively regulates the relation between the Buddhist faith of new entrepreneurs and organizational learning. These results not only enriches and expands related literatures of religion and entrepreneurship,but also has important practical value for further understanding of the economic function of Buddhism in China.
Based on a sample of 1135 Chinese new ventures,this study added to this line of research by examining the relation between the Buddhist faith of new entrepreneurs and new venture performance. The result suggests that,the Buddhist faith of new entrepreneurs is positively related to new venture performance. And organizational learning plays a mediating role in this relation. Moreover,employees' participation level positively regulates the relation between the Buddhist faith of new entrepreneurs and organizational learning. These results not only enriches and expands related literatures of religion and entrepreneurship,but also has important practical value for further understanding of the economic function of Buddhism in China.
引文
[1]Sabah S,Carsrud A L,Kocak A.The Impact of Cultural Openness,Religion,and Nationalism on Entrepreneurial Intensity:Six Prototypical Cases of Turkish Family Firms[J].Journal of Small Business Management,2014,52(2):306-324.
[2]Zelekha Y,Avnimelech G,Sharabi E.Religious Institutions and Entrepreneurship[J].Small Business Economics,2014,42(4):747-767.
[3]Audretsch D B,Boente W,Tamvada J P.Religion,Social Class,and Entrepreneurial Choice[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2013,28(6):774-789.
[4]Parboteeah K P,Walter S G,Block J H.When does Christian Religion Matter for Entrepreneurial Activity?The Contingent Effect of a Country’s Investments into Knowledge[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2015,130(2):447-465.
[5]Weaver G R,Agle B R.Religiosity and Ethical Behavior in Organizations:A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective[J].Academy of Management Review,2002,27(1):77-97.
[6]Judge W Q,Douglas T J.Entrepreneurship as a Leap of Faith[J].Journal of Management,Spirituality&Religion,2013,10(1):37-65.
[7]Dodd S D,Gotsis G.The Interrelationships between Entrepreneurship and Religion[J].International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation,2007,8(2):93-104.
[8]阮荣平,郑风田,刘力.信仰的力量:宗教有利于创业吗?[J].经济研究,2014(3):171-184.
[9]Dodd S D,Seaman P T.Religion and Enterprise:An Introductory Exploration[J].Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,1998,23(1):71-86.
[10]Ibrahim N A,Angelidis J P.The Long-term Performance of Small Businesses:Are There Differences between Christianbased Companies and Their Secular Counterparts?[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2005,58(1):187-193.
[11]King J E,Williamson I O.Workplace Religious Expression,Religiosity and Job Satisfaction:Clarifying a Relationship[J].Journal of Management,Spirituality&Religion,2005,2(2):173-198.
[12]Fry L W,Hannah S T,Noel M,Walumbwa F O.Impact of Spiritual Leadership on Unit Performance[J].The leadership Quarterly,2012,22(2):259-270.
[13]辛宇,李新春,徐莉萍.地区宗教传统与民营企业创始资金来源[J].经济研究,2016(4):161-173.
[14]田园,王铮.非正式制度因素对创业的影响作用探讨[J].中国软科学,2016(3):24-34.
[15]Iannaccone L R.Introduction to the Economics of Religion[J].Journal of Economic Literature,1998,36(3):1465-1495.
[16]洪修平,陈红兵.论中国佛学的精神及其现实意义[J].世界宗教研究,2011(1):13-21.
[17]樊景立,郑伯埙.华人组织的家长式领导:一项文化观点的分析[J].本土心理学研究,2000(13):127-180.
[18]林立强.民营企业家的宗教信仰与企业文化建设[J].经济管理,2010(3):86-91.
[19]Politis D.The Process of Entrepreneurial Learning:A Conceptual Framework[J].Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2005,29(4):399-424.
[20]郑伯壎,周丽芳,黄敏萍,等.家长式领导的三元模式:中国大陆企业组织的证据[J].本土心理学研究,2003(20):209-252.
[21]郑伯壎.华人文化与组织领导:由现象描述到理论验证[J].本土心理学研究,2004(22):195-251.
[22]赵晨,陈国权,高中华.领导个人学习对组织学习成效的影响:基于情境型双元平衡的视角[J].管理科学学报,2014(10):38-49.
[23]Lumpkin G T,Lichtenstein B B.The Role of Organizational Learning in the Opportunity-recognition Process[J].Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practic,2005,29(4):451-472.
[24]陈建勋.组织学习的前因后果研究:基于二元的视角[J].科研管理,2011(6):140-149.
[25]李向平.缘分·功德·共同体-佛教信仰的私人性与社会性[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报,2009(4):5-9.
[26]Allport G W.The Religious Context of Prejudice[J].Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,1966,5(3):447-457.
[27]Kriger M,Seng Y.Leadership with Inner Meaning:A Contingency Theory of Leadership Based on the Worldviews of Five Religions[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2005,16(5):771-806.
[28]何晓斌,蒋君洁,杨治,蔡国良.新创企业家应做“外交家”吗?-新创企业家的社交活动对企业绩效的影响[J].管理世界,2013(6):128-137.
[29]Angelidis J,Ibrahim N.An Exploratory Study of the Impact of Degree of Religiousness upon an Individual’s Corporate Social Responsiveness Orientation[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2004,51(2):119-128.
[30]McWilliams A,Siegel D.Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance:Correlation or Misspecificaion?[J].Strategic Management Journal,2000,21(5):603-609.
[31]Mackey A,Mackey T B,Barney J B.Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance:Investor Preferences and Corporate Strategies[J].Academy of Management Review,2007,32(3):817-835.
[32]Servaes H,Tamayo A.The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Value:The Role of Customer Awareness[J].Management Science,2013,59(5):1045-1061.
[33]杨智,刘新燕,万后芬.国外组织学习研究综述[J].外国经济与管理,2004(12):15-20.
[34]March J G.Exploration and Exploitation Organizational Learning[J].Organization Science,1991,2(1):71-87.
[35]Tushman M L,O'Reilly III C A.The Ambidextrous Organization:Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change[J].California Management Review,1996,38(4):8-30.
[36]Kahn W A.Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work[J].Academy of Management Journal,1990,33(4):692-724.
[37]Rich B L,Lepine J A,Crawford E R.Job Engagement:Antecedents and Effects on Job Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2010,53(3):617-635.
[38]Barrick M R,Thurgood G R,Smith T A,Courtright S H.Collective Organizational Engagement:Linking Motivational Antecedents,Strategic Implementation,and Firm Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2015,58(1):111-135.
[39]Argyris C,Schon D.Organisational LearningⅡ:A Theory,Method and Practice[M].MA:Addison-Wesley,1996.
(1)本文将企业成立时间不超过(包含)8年界定为新创企业,这是目前学术界普遍的界定方法。例如何晓斌等(2013)[28]就采用此类新创企业的界定方法。
(2)由于相关变量存在缺失值,所以和本文研究样本中13%的信仰佛教的比重存在细微差别。
(3)中国人民大学和香港科技大学联合组织实施的连续性全国调查显示:有宗教信仰者占全样本的比重为12.33%,其中信仰佛教者的比重为6.35%,因此本文信仰宗教和信仰佛教的比例都高于该调查。
(4)最新公布的2016年第十二次全国私营企业抽样调查数据并没有企业家宗教信仰这一调查数据,所以本研究主要依据第九次全国私营企业抽样调查数据。
(5)剔除信息不完整的数据是目前学者们普遍的做法(何晓斌等,2013)[28]。
(6)数据来源于樊纲、王小鲁和朱恒鹏编著的《中国市场化指数--各地区市场化相对进程2011年报告》。
(7)限于篇幅,稳健性检验结果未报告。
[2]Zelekha Y,Avnimelech G,Sharabi E.Religious Institutions and Entrepreneurship[J].Small Business Economics,2014,42(4):747-767.
[3]Audretsch D B,Boente W,Tamvada J P.Religion,Social Class,and Entrepreneurial Choice[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2013,28(6):774-789.
[4]Parboteeah K P,Walter S G,Block J H.When does Christian Religion Matter for Entrepreneurial Activity?The Contingent Effect of a Country’s Investments into Knowledge[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2015,130(2):447-465.
[5]Weaver G R,Agle B R.Religiosity and Ethical Behavior in Organizations:A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective[J].Academy of Management Review,2002,27(1):77-97.
[6]Judge W Q,Douglas T J.Entrepreneurship as a Leap of Faith[J].Journal of Management,Spirituality&Religion,2013,10(1):37-65.
[7]Dodd S D,Gotsis G.The Interrelationships between Entrepreneurship and Religion[J].International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation,2007,8(2):93-104.
[8]阮荣平,郑风田,刘力.信仰的力量:宗教有利于创业吗?[J].经济研究,2014(3):171-184.
[9]Dodd S D,Seaman P T.Religion and Enterprise:An Introductory Exploration[J].Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,1998,23(1):71-86.
[10]Ibrahim N A,Angelidis J P.The Long-term Performance of Small Businesses:Are There Differences between Christianbased Companies and Their Secular Counterparts?[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2005,58(1):187-193.
[11]King J E,Williamson I O.Workplace Religious Expression,Religiosity and Job Satisfaction:Clarifying a Relationship[J].Journal of Management,Spirituality&Religion,2005,2(2):173-198.
[12]Fry L W,Hannah S T,Noel M,Walumbwa F O.Impact of Spiritual Leadership on Unit Performance[J].The leadership Quarterly,2012,22(2):259-270.
[13]辛宇,李新春,徐莉萍.地区宗教传统与民营企业创始资金来源[J].经济研究,2016(4):161-173.
[14]田园,王铮.非正式制度因素对创业的影响作用探讨[J].中国软科学,2016(3):24-34.
[15]Iannaccone L R.Introduction to the Economics of Religion[J].Journal of Economic Literature,1998,36(3):1465-1495.
[16]洪修平,陈红兵.论中国佛学的精神及其现实意义[J].世界宗教研究,2011(1):13-21.
[17]樊景立,郑伯埙.华人组织的家长式领导:一项文化观点的分析[J].本土心理学研究,2000(13):127-180.
[18]林立强.民营企业家的宗教信仰与企业文化建设[J].经济管理,2010(3):86-91.
[19]Politis D.The Process of Entrepreneurial Learning:A Conceptual Framework[J].Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practice,2005,29(4):399-424.
[20]郑伯壎,周丽芳,黄敏萍,等.家长式领导的三元模式:中国大陆企业组织的证据[J].本土心理学研究,2003(20):209-252.
[21]郑伯壎.华人文化与组织领导:由现象描述到理论验证[J].本土心理学研究,2004(22):195-251.
[22]赵晨,陈国权,高中华.领导个人学习对组织学习成效的影响:基于情境型双元平衡的视角[J].管理科学学报,2014(10):38-49.
[23]Lumpkin G T,Lichtenstein B B.The Role of Organizational Learning in the Opportunity-recognition Process[J].Entrepreneurship:Theory and Practic,2005,29(4):451-472.
[24]陈建勋.组织学习的前因后果研究:基于二元的视角[J].科研管理,2011(6):140-149.
[25]李向平.缘分·功德·共同体-佛教信仰的私人性与社会性[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报,2009(4):5-9.
[26]Allport G W.The Religious Context of Prejudice[J].Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,1966,5(3):447-457.
[27]Kriger M,Seng Y.Leadership with Inner Meaning:A Contingency Theory of Leadership Based on the Worldviews of Five Religions[J].The Leadership Quarterly,2005,16(5):771-806.
[28]何晓斌,蒋君洁,杨治,蔡国良.新创企业家应做“外交家”吗?-新创企业家的社交活动对企业绩效的影响[J].管理世界,2013(6):128-137.
[29]Angelidis J,Ibrahim N.An Exploratory Study of the Impact of Degree of Religiousness upon an Individual’s Corporate Social Responsiveness Orientation[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2004,51(2):119-128.
[30]McWilliams A,Siegel D.Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Performance:Correlation or Misspecificaion?[J].Strategic Management Journal,2000,21(5):603-609.
[31]Mackey A,Mackey T B,Barney J B.Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance:Investor Preferences and Corporate Strategies[J].Academy of Management Review,2007,32(3):817-835.
[32]Servaes H,Tamayo A.The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Value:The Role of Customer Awareness[J].Management Science,2013,59(5):1045-1061.
[33]杨智,刘新燕,万后芬.国外组织学习研究综述[J].外国经济与管理,2004(12):15-20.
[34]March J G.Exploration and Exploitation Organizational Learning[J].Organization Science,1991,2(1):71-87.
[35]Tushman M L,O'Reilly III C A.The Ambidextrous Organization:Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change[J].California Management Review,1996,38(4):8-30.
[36]Kahn W A.Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work[J].Academy of Management Journal,1990,33(4):692-724.
[37]Rich B L,Lepine J A,Crawford E R.Job Engagement:Antecedents and Effects on Job Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2010,53(3):617-635.
[38]Barrick M R,Thurgood G R,Smith T A,Courtright S H.Collective Organizational Engagement:Linking Motivational Antecedents,Strategic Implementation,and Firm Performance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2015,58(1):111-135.
[39]Argyris C,Schon D.Organisational LearningⅡ:A Theory,Method and Practice[M].MA:Addison-Wesley,1996.
(1)本文将企业成立时间不超过(包含)8年界定为新创企业,这是目前学术界普遍的界定方法。例如何晓斌等(2013)[28]就采用此类新创企业的界定方法。
(2)由于相关变量存在缺失值,所以和本文研究样本中13%的信仰佛教的比重存在细微差别。
(3)中国人民大学和香港科技大学联合组织实施的连续性全国调查显示:有宗教信仰者占全样本的比重为12.33%,其中信仰佛教者的比重为6.35%,因此本文信仰宗教和信仰佛教的比例都高于该调查。
(4)最新公布的2016年第十二次全国私营企业抽样调查数据并没有企业家宗教信仰这一调查数据,所以本研究主要依据第九次全国私营企业抽样调查数据。
(5)剔除信息不完整的数据是目前学者们普遍的做法(何晓斌等,2013)[28]。
(6)数据来源于樊纲、王小鲁和朱恒鹏编著的《中国市场化指数--各地区市场化相对进程2011年报告》。
(7)限于篇幅,稳健性检验结果未报告。