大气环境监测结果空间代表性的一个分析实例
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摘要
通过计算石家庄西北郊大气环境监测站2014年的逐时浓度印痕,系统分析影响当地空气质量的潜在污染来源区域.使用实际气象观测资料和CALMET风场诊断模式获得当地区域边界层风场;使用反向拉格朗日粒子扩散模式计算印痕,分析其平均分布和日变化,以及与主要污染物(PM_(10))浓度变化的关系.结果表明,(1)石家庄地区山地-平原局地环流对风场有重要影响.(2)西北郊站监测结果代表的污染源区域有明显的日变化,午后主要为偏南和东南方向的污染来源,夜间至次日上午主要为西北山前和山地区域的来源.(3)PM_(10)浓度与污染来源区域具有同步的日变化关系,午后浓度下降,夜间浓度升高并维持到次日早上和正午.从夜间至次日上午时段西北方向的污染来源决定了该站的空气质量.(4)监测结果代表的主要污染物来源区域远超出其行政属地范围,外部来源的贡献率超过60%,当地影响不足40%.(5)造成西北郊站监测浓度整体偏高的主要原因是地形和位置因素,及测站以西的实际污染排放源.
Potential distribution of source area is systematically analyzed for an air quality monitoring station in northwestern suburban of Shijiazhuang. A backward Lagrangian particle dispersion model is used to derive concentration footprints for this site at each hour in a year. Wind fields are diagnosed by CALMET model with observatory meteorological data. Mean footprints,their spatial distribution and diurnal variation,as well as the relationship with air quality data are analyzed. Results show that:(1)The mountain-plain atmospheric circulation in this area is a controlling factor for wind field.(2)There is apparent diurnal variation in source area for the northwestern suburban air quality monitoring site. The source areas are from south or southeast in the afternoon,while at nighttime and until next noontime,the source areas are from the western mountains or those areas in front of the mountains.(3)Diurnal circle of PM_(10) concentration coincides well to the variation of source areas: with values dropping in afternoon and elevating in nighttime and keeping high concentration until next noontime. The air pollution concentration in nighttime and in morning determine the air quality at this site.(4) Spatial representativeness of this site is much larger than the administrative area of the district where the site located. More than 60% of air pollution may come from outside of the district,local contribution is less than 40%.(5)The relatively high concentration of air pollution at this site is attributed to the terrain and site location,as well as the real source emissions in west of the site.
Potential distribution of source area is systematically analyzed for an air quality monitoring station in northwestern suburban of Shijiazhuang. A backward Lagrangian particle dispersion model is used to derive concentration footprints for this site at each hour in a year. Wind fields are diagnosed by CALMET model with observatory meteorological data. Mean footprints,their spatial distribution and diurnal variation,as well as the relationship with air quality data are analyzed. Results show that:(1)The mountain-plain atmospheric circulation in this area is a controlling factor for wind field.(2)There is apparent diurnal variation in source area for the northwestern suburban air quality monitoring site. The source areas are from south or southeast in the afternoon,while at nighttime and until next noontime,the source areas are from the western mountains or those areas in front of the mountains.(3)Diurnal circle of PM_(10) concentration coincides well to the variation of source areas: with values dropping in afternoon and elevating in nighttime and keeping high concentration until next noontime. The air pollution concentration in nighttime and in morning determine the air quality at this site.(4) Spatial representativeness of this site is much larger than the administrative area of the district where the site located. More than 60% of air pollution may come from outside of the district,local contribution is less than 40%.(5)The relatively high concentration of air pollution at this site is attributed to the terrain and site location,as well as the real source emissions in west of the site.
引文
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Cai X,Song Y,Zhu T,et al.2007.Glacier winds in the Rongbuk Valley,north of Mount Everest:2.Their role in vertical exchange processes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmosphere,112D11102
Flesch T K.1996.The footprint for flux measurements,from backward Lagrangian stochastic models[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,78(3):399-404
高愈霄,霍晓芹,闫慧,等.2016.京津冀区域大气重污染过程特征初步分析[J].中国环境监测,32(6):26-35
Horst T W,Weil J C.1992.Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface layer Boundary-Layer Meteorology,59(3):279-296
环境保护部.2013.《环境空气质量监测点位布设技术规范(试行)》.HJ 664-2013(5)中华人民共和国国家环境保护标准[R].北京:国家环境保护部
Leclerc M Y,Thurtell G W.1990.Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes using a Markovian analysis[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,52(3):247-258
刘潘炜,郑君瑜,李志成,等.2010.区域空气质量监测网络优化布点方法研究[J].中国环境科学,30(7):907-913
牛桂敏.2014京津冀联手治霾需系统深化联防联控机制[J].环境保护,42(16):41-43
Pasquill F,Smith F.1983.Atmospheric Diffusion[M].England,West Sussex Press,437
Schmid H P.1994.Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,67(3):293-318
Schmid H P.2002.Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies:a review and perspective[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,113:159-183
Schuepp P H,Leclerc M Y Macpherson J I,et al..1990.Footprint Prediction of Scalar Fluxes From Analytical Solutions of the Diffusion Equation[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,50(1):355-373
Scire J S,Strimaitis D G,Yamartino R J.2000.A User's Guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion Model(Version 5)[OL].2018-04-23.Earth Tech,Inc.,Concord,MA.Available at:http://www.src.com/calpuff/download/CALPUFF_Users Guide.pdf
Sogachev A,Leclerc M Y.2011.On concentration footprints for a tall tower in the presence of a nocturnal low-level jet[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,151(6):755-764
Thomson D J.1987.Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flows[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,180(4):529-556
徐春萌,蔡旭晖,宋宇.2015.淮河流域重点城市大气污染源区特征的印痕分析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),51(5):812-820
中国环境监测总站.2013.中国环境状况公报[OL].2017-09-12.http://www.cnemc.cn/
蔡旭晖,丑景垚,宋宇,等.2008.北京市大气静稳型重污染的印痕分析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),44(1):135-141
Cai X,Leclerc M Y.2007.Forward-in-time and Backward-in-time Dispersion in the Convective Boundary Layer:the Concentration Footprint[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,123(2):201-218
Cai X,Peng G,Guo X,et al.2008.Evaluation of backward and forward Lagrangian footprint models in the surface layer[J].Theoretical and Applied Climatology,93(3):207-223
Cai X,Song Y,Zhu T,et al.2007.Glacier winds in the Rongbuk Valley,north of Mount Everest:2.Their role in vertical exchange processes[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmosphere,112D11102
Flesch T K.1996.The footprint for flux measurements,from backward Lagrangian stochastic models[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,78(3):399-404
高愈霄,霍晓芹,闫慧,等.2016.京津冀区域大气重污染过程特征初步分析[J].中国环境监测,32(6):26-35
Horst T W,Weil J C.1992.Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric surface layer Boundary-Layer Meteorology,59(3):279-296
环境保护部.2013.《环境空气质量监测点位布设技术规范(试行)》.HJ 664-2013(5)中华人民共和国国家环境保护标准[R].北京:国家环境保护部
Leclerc M Y,Thurtell G W.1990.Footprint prediction of scalar fluxes using a Markovian analysis[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,52(3):247-258
刘潘炜,郑君瑜,李志成,等.2010.区域空气质量监测网络优化布点方法研究[J].中国环境科学,30(7):907-913
牛桂敏.2014京津冀联手治霾需系统深化联防联控机制[J].环境保护,42(16):41-43
Pasquill F,Smith F.1983.Atmospheric Diffusion[M].England,West Sussex Press,437
Schmid H P.1994.Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,67(3):293-318
Schmid H P.2002.Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies:a review and perspective[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,113:159-183
Schuepp P H,Leclerc M Y Macpherson J I,et al..1990.Footprint Prediction of Scalar Fluxes From Analytical Solutions of the Diffusion Equation[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,50(1):355-373
Scire J S,Strimaitis D G,Yamartino R J.2000.A User's Guide for the CALPUFF Dispersion Model(Version 5)[OL].2018-04-23.Earth Tech,Inc.,Concord,MA.Available at:http://www.src.com/calpuff/download/CALPUFF_Users Guide.pdf
Sogachev A,Leclerc M Y.2011.On concentration footprints for a tall tower in the presence of a nocturnal low-level jet[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,151(6):755-764
Thomson D J.1987.Criteria for the selection of stochastic models of particle trajectories in turbulent flows[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,180(4):529-556
徐春萌,蔡旭晖,宋宇.2015.淮河流域重点城市大气污染源区特征的印痕分析[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),51(5):812-820
中国环境监测总站.2013.中国环境状况公报[OL].2017-09-12.http://www.cnemc.cn/