多端直流系统直流故障保护研究综述
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摘要
对国内外多端直流系统的故障保护问题进行了综述。首先分析了基于电压源型换流器的多端直流系统故障的过程,研究了故障电流的特征和解析表达式。其次讨论了针对多端直流系统的继电保护原理,对电压/电流保护、纵联保护和行波暂态量保护进行的分析。然后针对多端直流系统的故障隔离问题,从选择性和恢复速度的角度对现有的策略进行了分析。最后,建议应当从加强有针对性的继电保护方案研究、重视故障快速恢复过程中换流器的性能以及关注测量环节对故障保护的影响3个方面展开研究工作,解决多端直流输电系统的故障保护问题。
A survey on relay protection for multi-terminal DC systems at home and abroad is given.Firstly,the electromagnetic transient during fault is analyzed in a voltage source-based DC system,and the characteristics and analytical expression of fault current are studied.Secondly,for the issues on fault detection and isolation,many protection schemes,including current and voltage based protection,pilot protection and travelling wave or transient based protection,are discussed.Thirdly,the different fault isolation strategies are compared considering the power system requirements,such as rapidity and reliability.Finally,it is suggested that the further researches in three aspects,including novel algorithms for rapid fault detection in multi-terminal DC system,rapid fault restoration schemes based on converters with special structures and the influences from errors brought by DC current and voltage measurement,should be promoted.
A survey on relay protection for multi-terminal DC systems at home and abroad is given.Firstly,the electromagnetic transient during fault is analyzed in a voltage source-based DC system,and the characteristics and analytical expression of fault current are studied.Secondly,for the issues on fault detection and isolation,many protection schemes,including current and voltage based protection,pilot protection and travelling wave or transient based protection,are discussed.Thirdly,the different fault isolation strategies are compared considering the power system requirements,such as rapidity and reliability.Finally,it is suggested that the further researches in three aspects,including novel algorithms for rapid fault detection in multi-terminal DC system,rapid fault restoration schemes based on converters with special structures and the influences from errors brought by DC current and voltage measurement,should be promoted.
引文
[1]汤广福,罗湘,魏晓光.多端直流输电与直流电网技术[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(10):8-17.
[2]周孝信,鲁宗相,刘应梅,等.中国未来电网的发展模式和关键技术[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(29):4999-5008.
[3]马钊,周孝信,尚宇炜,等.未来配电系统形态及发展趋势[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(6):1289-1298.
[4]Jie Yang,Jianchao Zheng,Guangfu Tang,et al.Characteristics and Recovery Performance of VSC-HVDC DC Transmission Line Fault[C].Power and Energy Engineering Conference(APPEEC),2010 Asia-Pacific:1-4,2010.
[5]E.M.Kontos.Control and Protection of VSC-based Multi-terminal DC Networks[D].Delft University of Technology,2013.
[6]S.Le Blond,R.Bertho,D.V.Coury,et al.Design of Protection Schemes for Multi-terminal HVDC Systems[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016(56):965-974.
[7]Jin Yang,J.E Fletcher,J.O'Reilly.Short-circuit and Ground Fault Analyses and Location in VSC-based DC Network Cables[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2012,59(10):3827-3837.
[8]Rainer Marquardt.Modular Multilevel Converter Topologies With DC-short Circuit Current Limitation[C].The8th International Conference on Power Electronics-ECCE Asia,Jeju,Korea:IEEE,2011:1425-1431.
[9]Xue Yinglin,Xu Zheng,Tang Geng.Self-start Control With Grouping Sequentially Precharge for the C-MMCbased HVDC System[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2014,29(1):187-198.
[10]Qin Jianchao,Saeedifard M,Rockhill A,et al.Hybrid Design of Modular Multilevel Converters for HVDC Systems Based on Various Submodules Circuits[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(1):385-394.
[11]Li Xiaoqian,Liu Wenhua,Song Qiang,et al.An Enhanced MMC Topology With DC Fault Ride-through Capability[C]∥39th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society,Vienna:IEEE,2013:6182-6188.
[12]李斌,李晔,何佳伟.具有直流故障清除能力的MMC子模块关键性能研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(8):2114-2122.
[13]E.Kontos,R.T.Pinto,S.Rodrigues,et al.Impact of HVDC Transmission System Topology on Multiterminal DC Network Faults[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(2):844-852.
[14]Int.Electrotech.Comm.High-voltage Direct Current(HVDC)Transmission Using Voltage Sourced Converters(VSC)[R].IEC Tech.Rep.TR-62543,2011.
[15]M.Callavik,A.Blomberg,J.Hafner,et al.The Hybrid HVDC Breaker:An Innovation Breakthrough Enabling Reliable HVDC Grids[R].ABB Grid Systems,Tech.Rep,Nov.2012.
[16]赵畹君.高压直流输电工程技术(第二版)[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2011.
[17]汤广福.基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电技术[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2010.
[18]Mesut E.Baran,Nikhil R.Mahajan.Overcurrent Protection on Voltage Source Converter Based Multi-terminal Distribution Systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2007,22(1):406-412.
[19]Lianxiang Tang,Boon-Teck Ooi.Protection of VSCmulti-terminal HVDC against DC Faults[C].IEEE33rd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference,2002.
[20]Zaibin Jiao,Zhao Wang,Xiaobing Wang,et al.Protection Schemes for Distribution Lines in DC Power Grid[C].IEEE Innovative on Smart Grid Technologies-Asia(ISGT ASIA),2015.
[21]K.De Kerf,K.Srivastava,M.Reza,et al.Waveletbased Protection Strategy for DC Faults in Multi-terminal VSC HVDC Systems[J].IET Generation,Transmission and Distribution,2011,5(4):496-503.
[22]A.E.B.Abu-Elanien,A.A.Elserougi,A.S.Abdel-Khalik,et al.A Differential Protection Technique for Multi-terminal HVDC[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2016,130:78-88.
[23]Yanting Wang,Baohui Zhang,Fei Kong.A Directional Comparison Pilot Protection Scheme for Hybrid HVDC Transmission Lines[J].The 5th international conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Destructing and Power Technologies,2015.
[24]金吉良.考虑交直流系统相互影响的交流过电压保护及直流线路纵联保护的研究[D].西安:西安交通大学,2016.
[25]Ying Zhang,Nengling Tai,Bin Xu.Fault Analysis and Traveling-wave Protection Scheme for Bipolar HVDC Lines[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2012,27(3):1583-1591.
[26]W.Leterme,J.Beerten,D.V.Hertem.Nonunit Protection of HVDC Grids with Inductive DC Cable Termination[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2016,31(2):820-828.
[27]Jian Liu,Nengling Tai,Chunju Fan.Transient-voltage Based Protection Scheme for DC Line Faults in Multiterminal VSC-HVDC System[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2608986.
[28]Zheng-you He,Kai Liao.Natural Frequency-based Protection Scheme for Voltage Source Converter-based High-voltage Direct Current Transmission Lines[J].IET Generation,Transmission and Distribution,2015,9(13):1519-1525.
[29]J.Suonan,J.Zhang,Z.Jiao,et al.Distance Protection for HVDC Transmission Lines Considering Frequencydependent Parameters[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2013,28(3):723-732.
[30]Xiaodong Zheng,Nengling Tai,Zhongyu Wu,et al.Harmonic Current Protection Scheme for Voltage Source Converter-based High-voltage Direct Current Transmission System[J].IET Generation,Transmission and Distribution,2014,8(9):1509-1515.
[31]Ramesh M,Laxmi AJ.Fault Identification in HVDC Using Artificial Intelligence——Recent Trends and Perspectiv[C].Proceedings of international Conference on Oower,Signals,Controls and Computation(EPSCICON),2012:1-6.
[32]W.Leterme,S.P.Azad,D.V.Hertem.A Local Backup Protection Algorithm for HVDC Grids[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2016,31(4):1767-1775.
[33]S.P.Azad,W.Leterme,D.V.Hertem.Fast Breaker Failure Backup Protection for HVDC Grids[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2016,138:99-105.
[34]Tang L X,Ooi B T.Locating and Isolating DC Faults in Multi-terminal DC Systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2007,22(3):1877-1884.
[35]赵成勇,许建中,李探.全桥型MMC-MTDC直流故障穿越能力分析[J].中国科学:技术科学,2013,43(1):106-114.
[36]罗永捷,李耀华,李子欣,等.多端柔性直流输电系统直流故障保护策略[J].电工电能新技术,2015,34(12):1-6.
[37]李斌,何佳伟,李晔,等.多端柔性直流系统直流故障保护方案[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(17):4627-4636.
[38]吴亚楠,吕铮,贺之渊,等.基于架空线的直流电网保护方案研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(14):3726-3733.
[39]李斌,李晔,何佳伟.基于模块化多电平换流器的直流系统故障处理方案[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(7):1944-1950.
[40]孔明,汤广福,贺之渊.子模块混合型MMC-HVDC直流故障穿越控制策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(30):5343-5351.
[41]吴婧,姚良忠,王志冰,等.直流电网MMC拓扑及其直流故障电流阻断方法研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(11):2681-2694.
[42]王俊生,傅闯,胡铭,等.并联型多端直流输电系统保护相关问题探讨[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(28):4923-4931.
[43]时伯年,赵宇明,孙刚.柔性直流配电网保护方案研究及实现[J].南方电网技术,2015,9(9):11-16.
[44]付艳,黄金海,吴庆范,等.基于MMC多端柔性直流输电保护关键技术研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(18):133-139.
[45]董云龙,凌卫家,田杰,等.舟山多端柔性直流输电控制保护系统[J].电力自动化设备,2016,36(7):169-175.
[46]滕予非,汤勇,汪晓华,等.特高压直流输电工程直流分压器动态特性及其引起的误闭锁机理研究[J].电网技术,2016,40(9):2646-2653.
[2]周孝信,鲁宗相,刘应梅,等.中国未来电网的发展模式和关键技术[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(29):4999-5008.
[3]马钊,周孝信,尚宇炜,等.未来配电系统形态及发展趋势[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(6):1289-1298.
[4]Jie Yang,Jianchao Zheng,Guangfu Tang,et al.Characteristics and Recovery Performance of VSC-HVDC DC Transmission Line Fault[C].Power and Energy Engineering Conference(APPEEC),2010 Asia-Pacific:1-4,2010.
[5]E.M.Kontos.Control and Protection of VSC-based Multi-terminal DC Networks[D].Delft University of Technology,2013.
[6]S.Le Blond,R.Bertho,D.V.Coury,et al.Design of Protection Schemes for Multi-terminal HVDC Systems[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016(56):965-974.
[7]Jin Yang,J.E Fletcher,J.O'Reilly.Short-circuit and Ground Fault Analyses and Location in VSC-based DC Network Cables[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2012,59(10):3827-3837.
[8]Rainer Marquardt.Modular Multilevel Converter Topologies With DC-short Circuit Current Limitation[C].The8th International Conference on Power Electronics-ECCE Asia,Jeju,Korea:IEEE,2011:1425-1431.
[9]Xue Yinglin,Xu Zheng,Tang Geng.Self-start Control With Grouping Sequentially Precharge for the C-MMCbased HVDC System[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2014,29(1):187-198.
[10]Qin Jianchao,Saeedifard M,Rockhill A,et al.Hybrid Design of Modular Multilevel Converters for HVDC Systems Based on Various Submodules Circuits[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(1):385-394.
[11]Li Xiaoqian,Liu Wenhua,Song Qiang,et al.An Enhanced MMC Topology With DC Fault Ride-through Capability[C]∥39th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society,Vienna:IEEE,2013:6182-6188.
[12]李斌,李晔,何佳伟.具有直流故障清除能力的MMC子模块关键性能研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(8):2114-2122.
[13]E.Kontos,R.T.Pinto,S.Rodrigues,et al.Impact of HVDC Transmission System Topology on Multiterminal DC Network Faults[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2015,30(2):844-852.
[14]Int.Electrotech.Comm.High-voltage Direct Current(HVDC)Transmission Using Voltage Sourced Converters(VSC)[R].IEC Tech.Rep.TR-62543,2011.
[15]M.Callavik,A.Blomberg,J.Hafner,et al.The Hybrid HVDC Breaker:An Innovation Breakthrough Enabling Reliable HVDC Grids[R].ABB Grid Systems,Tech.Rep,Nov.2012.
[16]赵畹君.高压直流输电工程技术(第二版)[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2011.
[17]汤广福.基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电技术[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2010.
[18]Mesut E.Baran,Nikhil R.Mahajan.Overcurrent Protection on Voltage Source Converter Based Multi-terminal Distribution Systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2007,22(1):406-412.
[19]Lianxiang Tang,Boon-Teck Ooi.Protection of VSCmulti-terminal HVDC against DC Faults[C].IEEE33rd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference,2002.
[20]Zaibin Jiao,Zhao Wang,Xiaobing Wang,et al.Protection Schemes for Distribution Lines in DC Power Grid[C].IEEE Innovative on Smart Grid Technologies-Asia(ISGT ASIA),2015.
[21]K.De Kerf,K.Srivastava,M.Reza,et al.Waveletbased Protection Strategy for DC Faults in Multi-terminal VSC HVDC Systems[J].IET Generation,Transmission and Distribution,2011,5(4):496-503.
[22]A.E.B.Abu-Elanien,A.A.Elserougi,A.S.Abdel-Khalik,et al.A Differential Protection Technique for Multi-terminal HVDC[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2016,130:78-88.
[23]Yanting Wang,Baohui Zhang,Fei Kong.A Directional Comparison Pilot Protection Scheme for Hybrid HVDC Transmission Lines[J].The 5th international conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Destructing and Power Technologies,2015.
[24]金吉良.考虑交直流系统相互影响的交流过电压保护及直流线路纵联保护的研究[D].西安:西安交通大学,2016.
[25]Ying Zhang,Nengling Tai,Bin Xu.Fault Analysis and Traveling-wave Protection Scheme for Bipolar HVDC Lines[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2012,27(3):1583-1591.
[26]W.Leterme,J.Beerten,D.V.Hertem.Nonunit Protection of HVDC Grids with Inductive DC Cable Termination[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2016,31(2):820-828.
[27]Jian Liu,Nengling Tai,Chunju Fan.Transient-voltage Based Protection Scheme for DC Line Faults in Multiterminal VSC-HVDC System[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2608986.
[28]Zheng-you He,Kai Liao.Natural Frequency-based Protection Scheme for Voltage Source Converter-based High-voltage Direct Current Transmission Lines[J].IET Generation,Transmission and Distribution,2015,9(13):1519-1525.
[29]J.Suonan,J.Zhang,Z.Jiao,et al.Distance Protection for HVDC Transmission Lines Considering Frequencydependent Parameters[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2013,28(3):723-732.
[30]Xiaodong Zheng,Nengling Tai,Zhongyu Wu,et al.Harmonic Current Protection Scheme for Voltage Source Converter-based High-voltage Direct Current Transmission System[J].IET Generation,Transmission and Distribution,2014,8(9):1509-1515.
[31]Ramesh M,Laxmi AJ.Fault Identification in HVDC Using Artificial Intelligence——Recent Trends and Perspectiv[C].Proceedings of international Conference on Oower,Signals,Controls and Computation(EPSCICON),2012:1-6.
[32]W.Leterme,S.P.Azad,D.V.Hertem.A Local Backup Protection Algorithm for HVDC Grids[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2016,31(4):1767-1775.
[33]S.P.Azad,W.Leterme,D.V.Hertem.Fast Breaker Failure Backup Protection for HVDC Grids[J].Electric Power Systems Research,2016,138:99-105.
[34]Tang L X,Ooi B T.Locating and Isolating DC Faults in Multi-terminal DC Systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,2007,22(3):1877-1884.
[35]赵成勇,许建中,李探.全桥型MMC-MTDC直流故障穿越能力分析[J].中国科学:技术科学,2013,43(1):106-114.
[36]罗永捷,李耀华,李子欣,等.多端柔性直流输电系统直流故障保护策略[J].电工电能新技术,2015,34(12):1-6.
[37]李斌,何佳伟,李晔,等.多端柔性直流系统直流故障保护方案[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(17):4627-4636.
[38]吴亚楠,吕铮,贺之渊,等.基于架空线的直流电网保护方案研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(14):3726-3733.
[39]李斌,李晔,何佳伟.基于模块化多电平换流器的直流系统故障处理方案[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(7):1944-1950.
[40]孔明,汤广福,贺之渊.子模块混合型MMC-HVDC直流故障穿越控制策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(30):5343-5351.
[41]吴婧,姚良忠,王志冰,等.直流电网MMC拓扑及其直流故障电流阻断方法研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2015,35(11):2681-2694.
[42]王俊生,傅闯,胡铭,等.并联型多端直流输电系统保护相关问题探讨[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(28):4923-4931.
[43]时伯年,赵宇明,孙刚.柔性直流配电网保护方案研究及实现[J].南方电网技术,2015,9(9):11-16.
[44]付艳,黄金海,吴庆范,等.基于MMC多端柔性直流输电保护关键技术研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2016,44(18):133-139.
[45]董云龙,凌卫家,田杰,等.舟山多端柔性直流输电控制保护系统[J].电力自动化设备,2016,36(7):169-175.
[46]滕予非,汤勇,汪晓华,等.特高压直流输电工程直流分压器动态特性及其引起的误闭锁机理研究[J].电网技术,2016,40(9):2646-2653.