合金材料亚稳相的研究进展
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摘要
亚稳合金材料对于材料科学领域的影响是巨大的,它包括晶态亚稳相、微晶亚稳相、准晶亚稳相和金属玻璃4大类。它与一般的金属材料性能不同,例如,晶态亚稳相具有良好的耐腐蚀性能;微晶亚稳相由于晶粒细小而具有高强度和硬度;金属玻璃,即为非晶态合金,其内部组织均匀且无缺陷,又没有晶体的磁各向异性,因此表现出了高强度和低的矫顽力。正是由于这些优异性能,使得亚稳合金材料在材料科学领域掀起了一股研发浪潮。在亚稳相发现的这几十年里,研究者们通过大量的实验研究,提出并丰富了很多亚稳相的制备方法,例如通过控制凝固过程来获得亚稳相,但该制备方法操作过程较为复杂,还需要进一步优化;通过积聚方法可以制备出金属玻璃、非晶薄膜等,大大提高了材料的抗腐蚀性能。通过这些方法,制备出了能够大大提高材料性能的亚稳相合金材料。为了完善亚稳相的制备体系,研究者们还需要做进一步的探索。但对于会对材料产生负面影响的亚稳相,要进行转化和消除。介绍了亚稳相的概念及其形成机理,并从动力学和热力学两个方面证明了亚稳相在一定条件下是可以稳定存在的,系统地总结了合金材料中亚稳相的分类、特点及其应用。由于不同的亚稳相对材料会产生不同的影响,详细阐述了对合金材料产生负面影响的亚稳相的消除方法,并说明了亚稳相被消除以后对材料性能的改善。另外,论述了提高材料性能的亚稳相的制备方法及其特点。最后对合金材料亚稳相的研究重点和发展方向进行了展望。
The metastable alloy materials including crystalline metastable, microcrystalline metastable, quasi-crystal metastable, and metallic glass have great influences on the field of materials science. They are different from ordinary metal materials. For example, the crystalline metastable phase has good corrosion resistance, the microcrystalline metastable phase has high strength and hardness due to fine grain, and the metallic glass which is an amorphous alloy has many characters such as uniform internal structure. The metallic glass has no defects or magnetic anisotropy, thus exhibiting high strength and low coercivity. Because of the excellent properties of these metastable alloy materials, a research wave has been created in the field of materials science. In the decades, many methods for the preparation of metastable phases have been obtained through extensive practice and testing. For example, the metastable phase is obtained by controlling the solidification process, but the preparation process is complicated and needs further optimization. Through the accumulation method, metal glass and amorphous film can be prepared, which greatly improves the corrosion resistance of the material. Through these methods, a metastable phase is prepared that can greatly improve the material's properties. In order to improve the preparation system of the metastable phase, further explorations are still needed. However, the metastable phase, which will have a negative impact on the material, must be transformed and eliminated. The basic concept and formation mechanism of metastable phases were introduced in the present paper. The possibility that metastable phase could be stable under certain conditions was proved according to the theory dynamics and thermodynamics. The classification, formation mechanism and preparation techniques of metastable phases in alloy materials were systematically summarized. Different kinds of metastable materials would have different effects. Therefore, the elimination method of the negative metastable phase was demonstrated in the present paper, and the improvement of material properties due to the elimination of the metastable phase was also explained. Moreover, the preparation methods of the metastable phase which could improve the material properties were focused on this paper. Finally, the future research points and development trends of metastable phases were forecasted.
The metastable alloy materials including crystalline metastable, microcrystalline metastable, quasi-crystal metastable, and metallic glass have great influences on the field of materials science. They are different from ordinary metal materials. For example, the crystalline metastable phase has good corrosion resistance, the microcrystalline metastable phase has high strength and hardness due to fine grain, and the metallic glass which is an amorphous alloy has many characters such as uniform internal structure. The metallic glass has no defects or magnetic anisotropy, thus exhibiting high strength and low coercivity. Because of the excellent properties of these metastable alloy materials, a research wave has been created in the field of materials science. In the decades, many methods for the preparation of metastable phases have been obtained through extensive practice and testing. For example, the metastable phase is obtained by controlling the solidification process, but the preparation process is complicated and needs further optimization. Through the accumulation method, metal glass and amorphous film can be prepared, which greatly improves the corrosion resistance of the material. Through these methods, a metastable phase is prepared that can greatly improve the material's properties. In order to improve the preparation system of the metastable phase, further explorations are still needed. However, the metastable phase, which will have a negative impact on the material, must be transformed and eliminated. The basic concept and formation mechanism of metastable phases were introduced in the present paper. The possibility that metastable phase could be stable under certain conditions was proved according to the theory dynamics and thermodynamics. The classification, formation mechanism and preparation techniques of metastable phases in alloy materials were systematically summarized. Different kinds of metastable materials would have different effects. Therefore, the elimination method of the negative metastable phase was demonstrated in the present paper, and the improvement of material properties due to the elimination of the metastable phase was also explained. Moreover, the preparation methods of the metastable phase which could improve the material properties were focused on this paper. Finally, the future research points and development trends of metastable phases were forecasted.
引文
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[12] Wu Y,Li M,Wang X,et al.Preparation and fluorescence property of pure Bi2SiO5 powders by Pechini sol-gel method[J].Advanced Manufacturing Processes,2016,32(5):480-483.
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