南方五省辣椒农药残留膳食暴露风险评估
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摘要
为了促进辣椒产业的良性发展和维护消费者生命健康安全,本研究分别使用确定性、概率性和累积暴露评估方法评估了2016年我国南方5省辣椒中农药残留的膳食暴露风险。确定性方法的结果表明6种农药对8组人群的急慢性暴露量仅占安全阈值的0.0%～12.0%;考虑到累积暴露风险的问题,本文还评估了吡虫啉和啶虫脒的累积暴露风险并与两种农药单一暴露风险(概率性暴露评估)的结果进行了比较,结果表明两种农药的急慢性累积暴露量仅占安全阈值的0.90%～33.32%,但要高于各自的单一暴露量;同时三种方法的结果皆表明辣椒中6种农药残留对儿童的暴露风险要高于其他人群。综上,2016年我国南方5省辣椒中6种农药残留对8类人群的急慢性膳食暴露风险皆可接受。
To ensure the benign development of pepper industry and the life health safety of consumers, this study assessed the risks of dietary exposure to pesticide residues in pepper in five provinces of southern China in 2016 by using deterministic, probabilistic and cumulative exposure risk assessment method. Deterministic method showed that the acute and chronic exposures to the six pesticides were 0.0%-12.0% of the safety thresholds towards the eight human subgroups. In view of the cumulative exposure, this study assessed the cumulative risk of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, and the values of cumulative risk were compared with those of single risk. The results showed that the cumulative exposures were 0.90%-33.32% of the safety thresholds towards the eight human subgroups, and higher than respective single exposures; the three methods all showed that the risks to the children were higher than to other subgroups. In conclusion, the acute and chronic exposure risks of the six pesticide residues in pepper from five provinces of southern China in 2016 were all acceptable to the eight subgroups.
To ensure the benign development of pepper industry and the life health safety of consumers, this study assessed the risks of dietary exposure to pesticide residues in pepper in five provinces of southern China in 2016 by using deterministic, probabilistic and cumulative exposure risk assessment method. Deterministic method showed that the acute and chronic exposures to the six pesticides were 0.0%-12.0% of the safety thresholds towards the eight human subgroups. In view of the cumulative exposure, this study assessed the cumulative risk of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, and the values of cumulative risk were compared with those of single risk. The results showed that the cumulative exposures were 0.90%-33.32% of the safety thresholds towards the eight human subgroups, and higher than respective single exposures; the three methods all showed that the risks to the children were higher than to other subgroups. In conclusion, the acute and chronic exposure risks of the six pesticide residues in pepper from five provinces of southern China in 2016 were all acceptable to the eight subgroups.
引文
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[29] GEMS/Food.EURO Second workshop on “reliable evaluation of low-level contamination of food” [R].Germany,Kulmbach,1995.
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[2] 王永平,张绍刚,何嘉,等.国内外辣椒产业发展现状及趋势[J].现代农业科学,2009,16(6):267-270.
[3] 王绪芬,袁素芳.茄果类蔬菜农药残留分布的特点及防治对策[J].北方园艺,2014(13):217-218.
[4] 刘风仙,聂勇光,陈琳琳.2015-2016年滨州市387份蔬菜农药残留监测结果分析[J].现代预防医学,2018,45(1):31-34.
[5] KROES R,MULLER D,LAMBE J,et al.Assessment of intake from the diet [J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2002,40:327-328.
[6] 宋雯.农产品膳食暴露评估模型构建及其应用[D].扬州:扬州大学,2012.
[7] 金发忠.我国农产品质量安全风险评估的体系构建及运行管理[J].农产品质量与安全,2014(3):3-11.
[8] BOOBIS A R,OSSENDORP B C,BANASIAK U,et al.Cumulative risk assessment of pesticide residues in food [J].Toxicology Letters,2008,180:137-150.
[9] EC.Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC[R].EC Regulation,2005.
[10] 聂继云,李志霞,刘传德,等.苹果农药残留风险评估[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(18):3655-3667.
[11] 叶孟亮,聂继云,徐国锋,等.苹果中乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险的非参数概率评估[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(1):286-297.
[12] 宋雯,陈志军,朱智伟,等.南方6省稻米中总汞含量调查及其膳食暴露评估[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(5):817-823.
[13] 丁小霞,李培武,白易珍,等.中国花生黄曲霉毒素风险评估中膳食暴露非参数概率评估方法[J].中国油料作物学报,2011,33(4):402-408.
[14] LI F,YUAN Y,MENG P,et al.Probabilistic acute risk assessment of cumulative exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides from dietary vegetables and fruits in Shanghai populations[J/OL].Food Additives and Contaminants:Part A,2017,DOI:10.1080/19440049.2017.1279350.
[15] 金水高.中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告之十 2002营养与健康状况数据集[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2008.
[16] HUAN Zhibo,XU Zhi,LUO Jinhui,et al.Monitoring and exposure assessment of pesticide residues in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp) from five provinces of southern China [J].Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology,2016,81:260-267.
[17] WHO.Food consumption and exposure assessment of chemicals [R].Switzerland,Geneva,1997.
[18] WHO.Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food [R].Switzerland,Geneva,2009.
[19] WHO.Guidelines for predicting dietary intake of pesticide residues (revised) [EB/OL].[2018-06-12].http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/chem/en/pesticide_en.pdf.
[20] WHO.Template for the evaluation of acute exposure (IESTI) and chronic exposure (IEDI) [EB/OL].[2018-05-10].http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/chemical-risks/gems-food/en/.
[21] BOON P E,VAN DER VOET H,VAN KLAVEREN J D.Validation of a probabilistic model of dietary exposure to selected pesticides in Dutch infants [J].Food Additives and Contaminants,2003,20(S1):36-49.
[22] EPA.Guidance for refining anticipated residue estimates for use in acute dietary probabilistic risk assessment[R].USA,Washington,2000.
[23] DE BOER W J,VAN DER VOET H.MCRA,Release 5,a web-based program for Monte Carlo Risk Assessment[CP].Wageningen:Biometris,RIKILT and RIVM,2006.
[24] MCNAMARA C,NADDY B.Design,development and validation of software for modeling dietary exposure to food chemicals and nutrients[J].Food Additives and Contaminants,2003,20:8-26.
[25] EPA.Choosing a percentile of acute dietary exposure as a threshold of regulatory concern [R].USA,Washington,2000.
[26] CHAMBOLLE M.Assessment of extreme levels of chronic food intakes [J].Regulatory and Toxicology and Pharmacology,1999,30:S13-S18.
[27] EFRON B.Bootstrap methods:another look at the jackknife [J].Annals of Statistics,1979,7(1):1-26.
[28] CALDAS E D,BOON P E,TRESSOU J.Probabilistic assessment of the cumulative acute exposure to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in the Brazilian diet [J].Toxicology,2006,222:132-142.
[29] GEMS/Food.EURO Second workshop on “reliable evaluation of low-level contamination of food” [R].Germany,Kulmbach,1995.
[30] JMPR.Pesticide residues in food-2001:toxicological evaluations.Report of the joint meeting of the FAO panel of experts on pesticide residues in food and the environment and the WHO core assessment group on pesticide residues [R].Switzerland,Geneva,2009.