意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为蓝莓授粉的行为比较研究
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摘要
应用意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为蓝莓授粉,对其授粉行为和活动方式进行了比较研究。结果表明:(1)采集过程中意蜂和中蜂的行为存在差异,意蜂头部探进铃铛花,将喙伸入花管中吸食花蜜,头部粘附花粉,花粉一部分被收集到花粉框,另一部分被带到其他花上;中蜂采集行为不同,一部分采集蜂探入铃铛花采食,采集时间短暂,另一部分采集蜂停靠在花托部位,采食花瓣掉落的花朵,不易粘附花粉和携带花粉。(2)授粉活动方式不同,意大利蜜蜂每分钟平均访花数为5.05±0.14次,中华蜜蜂为4.77±0.13次,两者差异不显著;而意蜂单次访花时间为9.16±0.43 s极显著长于中蜂的4.89±0.22 s,意蜂较中蜂在花朵的采集时间长,采集间隔时间短,而中蜂较意蜂寻找花朵的时间长,采集间隔时间长。单位面积意蜂采集蜂数量为平均12.00±0.90头,中蜂采集蜂数量平均为1.73±0.42头,两者差异极显著。同时意蜂蓝莓花粉携粉率27.51%,中蜂采集蓝莓花粉携粉率为11.38%,意蜂的授粉蜂数量及授粉专一性优于中蜂。本研究阐明了蓝莓花期不同蜂种的授粉行为及活动方式,据此得出意蜂为蓝莓授粉的行为和活动特性优越于中蜂,两者相比意蜂具有更高的授粉效率。
Apis cerana and Apis mellifera were used to pollinate for blueberry and their pollination behaviors and activity patterns were compared. The results indicated that A. mellifera acted differently from A. mellifera in pollination behavior. A. cerana probed their head into bell flowers, stretched their beaks into the flower tube to take nectar, attached pollen to the head, collected some of the pollen grains in one part and carried them to the other flowers; However, A. cerana was different, part of the acquisition bees went into the bell flowers to eat, and acquisition time was short. The other part of the collection bee docked in the torpedo parts, feeded petals falling flowers that was hard to adhere to pollen and carry pollen. Besides, the activity patterns were also distinct between them. The frequency of visiting flowers was not obviously different, i.e. A. cerana's was 5.05±0.14 times per minute and A. mellifera's 4.77±0.13 times per minute. However, the duration of visiting each flower was significantly different, i.e. A. cerana's was 9.16±0.43 s and A. mellifera's 4.89±0.22 s. In addition, the difference of numbers in each area unit between them was also dramatically. Among all the A. mellifera in unit area, there were 12.00±0.90 working on gathering honey on average. However, among all the A. cerana in unit area, there were 1.73±0.42 working on gathering honey on average. The difference between A. mellifera and A. cerana in this ascept was significant. Moreover, A. cerana gathered the pollen rate of pollen was 11.38%, while A. mellifera was 27.51%, which indicated that A. mellifera was superior to A. cerana at the respects of the number of pollinators and the specificity of pollination. This study indicated the pollination behaviors and activity patterns from different bees. In conclusion, A. cerana was better than A. mellifera, i.e. A. cerana worked more efficiently in pollination.
Apis cerana and Apis mellifera were used to pollinate for blueberry and their pollination behaviors and activity patterns were compared. The results indicated that A. mellifera acted differently from A. mellifera in pollination behavior. A. cerana probed their head into bell flowers, stretched their beaks into the flower tube to take nectar, attached pollen to the head, collected some of the pollen grains in one part and carried them to the other flowers; However, A. cerana was different, part of the acquisition bees went into the bell flowers to eat, and acquisition time was short. The other part of the collection bee docked in the torpedo parts, feeded petals falling flowers that was hard to adhere to pollen and carry pollen. Besides, the activity patterns were also distinct between them. The frequency of visiting flowers was not obviously different, i.e. A. cerana's was 5.05±0.14 times per minute and A. mellifera's 4.77±0.13 times per minute. However, the duration of visiting each flower was significantly different, i.e. A. cerana's was 9.16±0.43 s and A. mellifera's 4.89±0.22 s. In addition, the difference of numbers in each area unit between them was also dramatically. Among all the A. mellifera in unit area, there were 12.00±0.90 working on gathering honey on average. However, among all the A. cerana in unit area, there were 1.73±0.42 working on gathering honey on average. The difference between A. mellifera and A. cerana in this ascept was significant. Moreover, A. cerana gathered the pollen rate of pollen was 11.38%, while A. mellifera was 27.51%, which indicated that A. mellifera was superior to A. cerana at the respects of the number of pollinators and the specificity of pollination. This study indicated the pollination behaviors and activity patterns from different bees. In conclusion, A. cerana was better than A. mellifera, i.e. A. cerana worked more efficiently in pollination.
引文
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Gallai N, Salles JM, Settele J,et al. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline [J]. Ecological Economics, 2009, 68: 810-821.
Gong YB, Huang SQ. Study on the behavior of pollination insects [J]. Biological Diversity, 2007, 15 (6): 576-583. [龚燕兵, 黄双全. 传粉昆虫行为的研究方法探讨 [J]. 生物多样性, 2007, 15 (6): 576-583]
Kuang BY, Kuang HO. Bee Biology [M]. Kunming: Yunnan Science and Technology Press, 2003: 3. [匡邦郁, 匡海鸥. 蜜蜂生物学 [M]. 昆明: 云南科技出版社, 2003: 3]
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Li JH. Analysis of the factors affectinghoneybee pollination efficiency for agricultural crops [J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2015, 5 (9): 104-109. [李江红. 影响蜜蜂为农作物授粉效能的因素分析 [J]. 农学学报, 2015, 5 (9): 104-109]
Li YD, Sun HY, Cheng L. China's blueberry industry development report [J]. China Fruits, 2016, 5: 110. [李亚东, 孙海悦, 陈丽. 我国蓝莓产业发展报告 [J]. 中国果树, 2016, 5: 110]
Li YD. WorldBlueberry Production Status and China's Blueberry Development Trend [M]. Biejing: China Agriculture Press, 2002. [李亚东. 世界蓝莓生产现状和我国蓝莓发展趋势 [M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2002]
Long SL, Wang Y, et al. The effects of different pollination methods on the yield of rabbit eye blueberry [J]. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 42 (3): 117-119.[龙世林, 王瑶, 等. 不同授粉方式对兔眼蓝莓坐果率的影响 [J]. 贵州农业科学, 2014, 42 (3): 117-119]
Ma HQ, Xie M, Liang YL, Chen,et al. The research status of China's blueberry and its potential advantages [J]. Zhejiang Agricultural Science, 2009, 3: 444-447. [马慧琴, 谢鸣, 梁英龙, 等. 我国蓝莓研究现状及产业化发展潜在优势 [J]. 浙江农业科学, 2009, 3: 444-447]
Paul A. This may be the year of the blueberry [J]. The Business Journal, 2000, 3: 10-13.
Strick BC, Yarborough D. Blueberry production trends in North America [J]. Hort Technology, 2005, 15: 391-398.
Strick BC.Horticulturalpractices of growing highbush blueberries in the ever expanding U.S. and global scene [J]. J. Am. Pomol. Soc., 2007, 61: 148-150.
Su XL, Hua QY, Chen YF, et al. Behavior of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera ligustica as pollinator for long-season cultivated watermelon in tunnel greenhouse under summer high temperature condition [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2017, 39 (1): 104-110. [苏晓玲, 华启云, 陈伊凡, 等. 中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂夏季高温下为长季节栽培设施西瓜授粉行为观察 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2017, 39 (1): 104-110]
Xu ZY, Wei XP, Lin L,et al. A preliminary study of honeybee pollination for blueberry [J]. Journal of Bee, 2015, 15 (9): 28-29.[徐祖荫, 韦小平, 林黎, 等. 中蜂为蓝莓授粉采蜜初探 [J]. 蜜蜂杂志, 2015, 15 (9): 28-29]
YU H. Blueberry Cultivation and Post-processing Techniques [M]. Biejing: Shield Press, 2003: 1-4. [於红. 蓝浆果栽培与采后处理技术 [M]. 北京: 金盾出版社, 2003: 1-4]
Zhao BG, An BW, Liu JN,et al. A trual using bumble bee, Bombue terrestris pollination for blue berry in open fields [J]. Apiculture of China, 2013, 64(Z4): 31-33. [赵博光, 安宝伟, 刘俊娜, 等. 熊蜂对开放种植蓝莓的授粉试验 [J]. 中国蜂业, 2013, 64(Z4): 31-33]
Chen SL. The Apicultural Science in China [M]. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2001: 16-23. [陈盛禄. 中国蜜蜂学 [M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2001: 16-23]
Cheng W. Blueberry and its nutritional function [J]. The Chinese and Foreign Food, 2003, 7: 34-37. [陈卫. 蓝莓及其营养保健功能 [J]. 中外食品, 2003, 7: 34-37]
Dong J, An JD, Huang JX, et al. Effects of pollination by different bees on peach fruit development and quality under greenhouse conditions [J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2011, 19 (4): 836-842.[董捷, 安建东, 黄家兴, 等. 不同蜂传粉对设施桃果实生长发育和品质的影响 [J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2011, 19 (4): 836-842]
Delaplane KS, Mayer DR, Mayer DR. Crop Pollination by Bee [M]. CABI, 2000.
Gallai N, Salles JM, Settele J,et al. Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline [J]. Ecological Economics, 2009, 68: 810-821.
Gong YB, Huang SQ. Study on the behavior of pollination insects [J]. Biological Diversity, 2007, 15 (6): 576-583. [龚燕兵, 黄双全. 传粉昆虫行为的研究方法探讨 [J]. 生物多样性, 2007, 15 (6): 576-583]
Kuang BY, Kuang HO. Bee Biology [M]. Kunming: Yunnan Science and Technology Press, 2003: 3. [匡邦郁, 匡海鸥. 蜜蜂生物学 [M]. 昆明: 云南科技出版社, 2003: 3]
Luo SD, Wang B, Zhu ZQ,et al. Comparison of the pollination effects for pepper between different bees in greenhouse [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2015, 37 (2): 381-386. [罗术东, 王彪, 褚忠桥, 等. 不同蜂为设施辣椒授粉的授粉效果比较 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2015, 37 (2): 381-386]
Li HF, Luo N. Rabbit eye blueberry cultivation technique [J]. Modern Gardening, 2009, 6: 60. [李鸿飞, 罗柠. 兔眼蓝莓栽培技术 [J]. 现代园艺, 2009, 6: 60]
Li JH. Analysis of the factors affectinghoneybee pollination efficiency for agricultural crops [J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2015, 5 (9): 104-109. [李江红. 影响蜜蜂为农作物授粉效能的因素分析 [J]. 农学学报, 2015, 5 (9): 104-109]
Li YD, Sun HY, Cheng L. China's blueberry industry development report [J]. China Fruits, 2016, 5: 110. [李亚东, 孙海悦, 陈丽. 我国蓝莓产业发展报告 [J]. 中国果树, 2016, 5: 110]
Li YD. WorldBlueberry Production Status and China's Blueberry Development Trend [M]. Biejing: China Agriculture Press, 2002. [李亚东. 世界蓝莓生产现状和我国蓝莓发展趋势 [M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2002]
Long SL, Wang Y, et al. The effects of different pollination methods on the yield of rabbit eye blueberry [J]. Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 2014, 42 (3): 117-119.[龙世林, 王瑶, 等. 不同授粉方式对兔眼蓝莓坐果率的影响 [J]. 贵州农业科学, 2014, 42 (3): 117-119]
Ma HQ, Xie M, Liang YL, Chen,et al. The research status of China's blueberry and its potential advantages [J]. Zhejiang Agricultural Science, 2009, 3: 444-447. [马慧琴, 谢鸣, 梁英龙, 等. 我国蓝莓研究现状及产业化发展潜在优势 [J]. 浙江农业科学, 2009, 3: 444-447]
Paul A. This may be the year of the blueberry [J]. The Business Journal, 2000, 3: 10-13.
Strick BC, Yarborough D. Blueberry production trends in North America [J]. Hort Technology, 2005, 15: 391-398.
Strick BC.Horticulturalpractices of growing highbush blueberries in the ever expanding U.S. and global scene [J]. J. Am. Pomol. Soc., 2007, 61: 148-150.
Su XL, Hua QY, Chen YF, et al. Behavior of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera ligustica as pollinator for long-season cultivated watermelon in tunnel greenhouse under summer high temperature condition [J]. Journal of Environmental Entomology, 2017, 39 (1): 104-110. [苏晓玲, 华启云, 陈伊凡, 等. 中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂夏季高温下为长季节栽培设施西瓜授粉行为观察 [J]. 环境昆虫学报, 2017, 39 (1): 104-110]
Xu ZY, Wei XP, Lin L,et al. A preliminary study of honeybee pollination for blueberry [J]. Journal of Bee, 2015, 15 (9): 28-29.[徐祖荫, 韦小平, 林黎, 等. 中蜂为蓝莓授粉采蜜初探 [J]. 蜜蜂杂志, 2015, 15 (9): 28-29]
YU H. Blueberry Cultivation and Post-processing Techniques [M]. Biejing: Shield Press, 2003: 1-4. [於红. 蓝浆果栽培与采后处理技术 [M]. 北京: 金盾出版社, 2003: 1-4]
Zhao BG, An BW, Liu JN,et al. A trual using bumble bee, Bombue terrestris pollination for blue berry in open fields [J]. Apiculture of China, 2013, 64(Z4): 31-33. [赵博光, 安宝伟, 刘俊娜, 等. 熊蜂对开放种植蓝莓的授粉试验 [J]. 中国蜂业, 2013, 64(Z4): 31-33]