大气折射对甚高频闪电定位的影响分析
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摘要
利用GPS探空仪实测数据计算大气折射率的高度廓线,建立大气折射误差模型。并分析大气折射效应对方向交汇、到达时间差以及综合法3种甚高频闪电定位方法测量精度的影响。结果表明,对于定位距离,大气折射对方向交汇法的影响最大,误差最大值可达到116.52 m,平均误差为30.18 m;大气折射对时间差法的影响最小,误差最大值约为44.70 m,平均值为12.32 m;对综合法的影响介于二者之间,误差最大值约为58.90 m,平均值为16.74 m。在综合法中,选取离闪电源较远测站进行方向交汇的定位误差是选取较近站点的定位误差的1.6倍,因此应当选取近站点。考虑到GPS授时误差,要保证大气折射对闪电定位造成定位误差小于GPS时间同步带来的误差,3种闪电定位方法的站间距应分别不大于28 km、60 km、45 km。
By using the vertical profile of atmospheric refraction calculated by GPS sonde data, theerror model induced by atmospheric refraction was proposed. Moreover, the effect of atmospheric refrac-tion on lightning location methods(Direction Finder(DF), Time-Of-Arrival(TOA) and Improved Ac-curacy using Combined Technology(IMPACT)) were also analyzed. Results show that for the locationprecision, the atmospheric refraction has the greatest impact on the DF method with the maximum errorvalue of 116 52 m and the mean error of 30 18 m; whereas it has the least impact on the TOA methodwith the maximum error of 44 70 m and the mean error of 12 32 m; the maximum error and the mean er-ror of the IMPACT method are 58 90 m and 16 74 m, respectively. For the IMPACT method, the loca-tion error of far station is 1. 6 times of the location error of more nearby station, hence, the nearby stationshould be chosen to locate the lightning. To ensure the error induced by the atmospheric refraction lessthan that induced by timing error of GPS, the station distances of the DF, TOA and IMPACT systemshould be less than 28 km, 60 km and 45 km, respectively.
By using the vertical profile of atmospheric refraction calculated by GPS sonde data, theerror model induced by atmospheric refraction was proposed. Moreover, the effect of atmospheric refrac-tion on lightning location methods(Direction Finder(DF), Time-Of-Arrival(TOA) and Improved Ac-curacy using Combined Technology(IMPACT)) were also analyzed. Results show that for the locationprecision, the atmospheric refraction has the greatest impact on the DF method with the maximum errorvalue of 116 52 m and the mean error of 30 18 m; whereas it has the least impact on the TOA methodwith the maximum error of 44 70 m and the mean error of 12 32 m; the maximum error and the mean er-ror of the IMPACT method are 58 90 m and 16 74 m, respectively. For the IMPACT method, the loca-tion error of far station is 1. 6 times of the location error of more nearby station, hence, the nearby stationshould be chosen to locate the lightning. To ensure the error induced by the atmospheric refraction lessthan that induced by timing error of GPS, the station distances of the DF, TOA and IMPACT systemshould be less than 28 km, 60 km and 45 km, respectively.
引文
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[15]张培昌,戴铁丕,郑学敏.我国部份地区大气折射指数垂直分布统计模式.气象科学,1991,11(4):402-413.ZHANG Peichang,DAI Teipi,ZHENG Xuemin.Three statistical models for the vertical distribution of atmospheric refractive index in some parts of China.Scientia Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),1991,11(4):402-413.
[16]周康辉,董万胜,刘恒毅,等.基于干涉仪原理的甚高频雷电单站预警.气象科技,2013,41(3):563-568.ZHOU Kanghui,DONG Wansheng,LIU Hengyi,et al.A singlestation lightning warning system based on principles of interferometer.Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),2013,41(3):563-568.
[17]戴铁丕,张培昌,詹煜.我国20个地区大气折射指数垂直分布的3种统计模式.南京气象学院学报,1996,19(4):74-81.DAI Teipi,ZHANG Peichang,ZHAN Yu.Three statistical models for vertical distribution of atmospheric refractive index in 20 regions of China.Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology(in Chinese),1996,19(4):74-81.
[18]黄兴友,孙伟,葛文忠,等.一次雷暴前后大气折射率的多普勒天气雷达测量试验及结果.大气科学学报,2011,34(4):433-438.HUANG Xingyou,SUN Wei,GE Wenzhong,et al.An experiment on atmospheric refractivity retrieved from Doppler weather radar during a thunder storm.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),2011,34(4):433-438.
[19]黄捷.电波大气折射误差修正.北京:国防工业出版社,1999.HUANG Jie.Correction for atmospheric refractive error of radio wave.Beijing:National Defence Industry Press(in Chinese),1999.
[20]Rakov V A,Rachidi F.Overview of recent progress in lightning research and lightning protection.IEEE Trans.Electr.Comp.,2009,51(3):428-442.
[21]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国.大气物理学.北京大学出版社,2003.SHENG Peixuan,MAO Jietai,LI Jianguo.Atmospheric physics.Beijing:Peking University Press(in Chinese),2003.
[22]刘恒毅.闪电云内放电过程的宽带干涉仪观测研究[博士论文].北京:中国气象科学研究院,2012.LIU Hengyi.The study of intracloud discharges using VHF broadband digital interferometer[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science(in Chinese),2012.
[2]李京校,扈海波,攀荣,等.雷电监测预警对雷击风险评估的影响分析.气象科学,2013,33(6):678-684.LI Jingxiao,HU Haibo,PAN Rong,et al.Impact of lightning monitoring and warning on lightning risk assessment.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),2013,33(6):678-684.
[3]胡志祥.雷电定位算法和误差分析理论研究[博士论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2012.HU Zhixiang.Theoretical study on location algorithm and error analysis of lightning targets[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science&Technology(in Chinese),2012.
[4]杨波,邱实,宁军,等.闪电定位误差及探测效率评估.解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版),2007,7(5):506-510.YANG Bo,QIU Shi,NING Jun,et al.Evaluation of error on lightning orientation and lightning detection effiency.Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology(in Chinese),2007,7(5):506-510.
[5]王彦辉,张广庶,张彤,等.闪电VHF辐射源三维定位系统仪器误差处理.高原气象,2012,31(5):1407-1413.WANG Yanhui,ZHANG Guangshu,ZHANG Tong,et al.Error correction in three-dimension location system of lightning VHF radiation.Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),2012,31(5):1407-1413.
[6]Schulz W,Diendorfer G.Amplitude site error of magnetic direction finder.26th International Conference on Lightning Protection,Cracow,Poland,September 2-6,2002.
[7]CHEN M,LU T,DU Y.Properties of“Site Error”of lightning direction-finder(DF)and its modelling.Atmos.Res.,2012,30(2):508-514.
[8]Koshak W,Solakiewicz R,Blakeslee R,et al.North Alabama lightning mapping array(LMA):VHF source retrieval algorithm and error analyses.J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,2004,21(4):543-548.
[9]佘会莲,陈德生,谢君.VHF闪电定位技术评述.气象与环境科学,2008,31(2):55-58.SHE Huilian,CHEN Desheng,XIE Jun.Review of VHF lightning location technique.Meteorological and Environmental Sciences(in Chinese),2008,31(2):55-58.
[10]张义军,孟青,马明,等.闪电探测技术发展和资料应用.应用气象学报,2006,17(05):611-620.ZHANG Yijun,MENG Qing,MA Ming,et al.Development of lightning detection technique with application of lighting data.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science(in Chinese),2006,17(05):611-620.
[11]曹冬杰,田立言,肖瑾,等.闪电多参量高速大容量实时数据采集,显示和分析系统.高原气象,2011,30(2):518-524.CAO Dongjie,TIAN Liyan,XIAO Jin,et al.A fast recording,display and waveform analysis system on multi-parameter of lightning flash.Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),2011,30(2):518-524.
[12]詹煜,戴铁丕,张培昌.大气折射指数垂直分布的气候特征计算.南京气象学院学报,1995,18(4):578-583.ZHAN Yu,DAI Teipi,ZHANG Peichang.Climatic characteristics of vertical distribution of atmospheric refractive index.Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology(in Chinese),1995,18(4):578-583.
[13]张瑜,赤娜,侯佳,等.大气折射引起的雷达定位误差模型.电光与控制,2009,16(7):65-67.ZHANG Yu,CHI Na,HOU Jia,et al.Model of radar locating error caused by atmosphere refration.Electronic Optics&Control(in Chinese),2009,16(7):65-67.
[14]王红光,吴振森,朱庆林.大气折射对雷达低仰角跟踪误差的影响分析.电子与信息学报,2012,34(8):1893-1896.WANG Hongguang,WU Zhensen,ZHU Qinglin.Influence analysis of atmospheric refraction on low-angle radar tracking errors.Journal of Electronics&Information Technology(in Chinese),2012,34(8):1893-1896.
[15]张培昌,戴铁丕,郑学敏.我国部份地区大气折射指数垂直分布统计模式.气象科学,1991,11(4):402-413.ZHANG Peichang,DAI Teipi,ZHENG Xuemin.Three statistical models for the vertical distribution of atmospheric refractive index in some parts of China.Scientia Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),1991,11(4):402-413.
[16]周康辉,董万胜,刘恒毅,等.基于干涉仪原理的甚高频雷电单站预警.气象科技,2013,41(3):563-568.ZHOU Kanghui,DONG Wansheng,LIU Hengyi,et al.A singlestation lightning warning system based on principles of interferometer.Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),2013,41(3):563-568.
[17]戴铁丕,张培昌,詹煜.我国20个地区大气折射指数垂直分布的3种统计模式.南京气象学院学报,1996,19(4):74-81.DAI Teipi,ZHANG Peichang,ZHAN Yu.Three statistical models for vertical distribution of atmospheric refractive index in 20 regions of China.Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology(in Chinese),1996,19(4):74-81.
[18]黄兴友,孙伟,葛文忠,等.一次雷暴前后大气折射率的多普勒天气雷达测量试验及结果.大气科学学报,2011,34(4):433-438.HUANG Xingyou,SUN Wei,GE Wenzhong,et al.An experiment on atmospheric refractivity retrieved from Doppler weather radar during a thunder storm.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),2011,34(4):433-438.
[19]黄捷.电波大气折射误差修正.北京:国防工业出版社,1999.HUANG Jie.Correction for atmospheric refractive error of radio wave.Beijing:National Defence Industry Press(in Chinese),1999.
[20]Rakov V A,Rachidi F.Overview of recent progress in lightning research and lightning protection.IEEE Trans.Electr.Comp.,2009,51(3):428-442.
[21]盛裴轩,毛节泰,李建国.大气物理学.北京大学出版社,2003.SHENG Peixuan,MAO Jietai,LI Jianguo.Atmospheric physics.Beijing:Peking University Press(in Chinese),2003.
[22]刘恒毅.闪电云内放电过程的宽带干涉仪观测研究[博士论文].北京:中国气象科学研究院,2012.LIU Hengyi.The study of intracloud discharges using VHF broadband digital interferometer[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science(in Chinese),2012.