步行优先指导下的英国城市中心区发展
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摘要
分析了英国多个城市中心区的空间演变及现状,发现其充分体现了步行优先的指导思想。第一,城市中心区内过去的主要车行道路如今多已演化成为步行道。第二,城市中心区内形成了较为完善的、规模较大的地面步行体系。第三,城市中心区形成了基于步行尺度的人车分流交通结构。第四,在道路细节设计中优先考虑步行。第五,在建筑设计中优先考虑中心区整体步行体系。第六,建设丰富详细的步行信息基础设施。相比之下,在我国,步行优先的理念尚未得到重视,以步行优先为理念的城市中心区建设也显不足。城市建设重点向存量优化的转型是我国城市中心区实践步行优先建设理念的契机。
The historical development and present situation of city centres in United Kingdom were analysed. It shows the guiding ideology of pedestrian-oriented substantially. Firstly, major roads for cars then have become streets for pedestrians now. Secondly,systematic pedestrian networks have been built on the ground surface.Thirdly, traffic systems with segregation of road and pedestrian have been made based on walking scale. Fourthly, pedestrian was put first in road detailed design. Fifthly, whole pedestrian system was considered when design buildings. Sixthly, abounding and detailed pedestrian information facilities were built. In contrast, in China,the guiding ideology of pedestrian-oriented had not been attached enough importance to, and the construction for pedestrians was not enough, too. It is now an opportunity for China to strengthen the guiding ideology of pedestrian-oriented and put it into practice, when the development focus has been turning into inventory planning.
The historical development and present situation of city centres in United Kingdom were analysed. It shows the guiding ideology of pedestrian-oriented substantially. Firstly, major roads for cars then have become streets for pedestrians now. Secondly,systematic pedestrian networks have been built on the ground surface.Thirdly, traffic systems with segregation of road and pedestrian have been made based on walking scale. Fourthly, pedestrian was put first in road detailed design. Fifthly, whole pedestrian system was considered when design buildings. Sixthly, abounding and detailed pedestrian information facilities were built. In contrast, in China,the guiding ideology of pedestrian-oriented had not been attached enough importance to, and the construction for pedestrians was not enough, too. It is now an opportunity for China to strengthen the guiding ideology of pedestrian-oriented and put it into practice, when the development focus has been turning into inventory planning.
引文
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[3]GUNNARSSON S O.The pedestrian and the city-a historical review,from the hippodamian city,to the modernistic city and to the sustainable and walkingfriendly city[C].Copenhagen,Denmark:Walk21-V Cities for People,2004.
[4]London Walking Forum and CAST.Conclusions from the Walk21Conference[C].London:Walk21 Conference,2000.
[5]WALKER J.Getting communities back on their feet[C].The Hague:Walk21XI Conference,2010.
[6]WALKER J.Putting pedestrians first[C].Toronto,Canada:WALK21-VIII,2007.
[7]TOLLEY R,WALKER J.Conference conclusions[C].Portland Oregon,USA:Walk21 IV:Health,Equity&Environment,2003.
[8]WALKER J.Conference conclusions[C].San Sebastian-Donostia:Walk21III:Steps Towards Liveable Cities,2002.
[9]WALKER J.Transforming the automobile city-walking steps up[C].Vancouver:Walk21 XII-Conference,2011.
[10]WALKER J.Conclusions[C].Barcelona Walk21 Conference,2008.
[11]SPECK J.Walkable city[M].New York.North Point Press:2012.
[12]王建国,刘博敏,阳建强.城市设计[M].北京.中国建筑工业出版社:2009.
[13]沈磊,陈天.城市中心区规划[M].北京.中国建筑工业出版社:2014.
[14]梁江,孙晖.模式与动因--中国城市中心区的形态演变[M].北京西郊百万庄.中国建筑工业出版社:2007.
[15]Times.The Times atlas of Britain[M].Times Books Group Ltd,2010.
[16]Road atlas of Great Britain[M].Edinburgh:John Bartholomew&Son Ltd,1972.
[17]Alexander Town Routes and Motor Manual[M].London:Alexander Duckham&Co.Ltd,1934.
[18]Road atlas of Great Britain[M].Scotland:John Bartholomew&Son Ltd,1976.
[19]Automobile Association.AA Great Britain road atlas[M].The Automobile Association,1989.
[20]2009 Collins road atlas Britain[M].London:Harper Collins Publishers,2008.
[21]ISAACS M.Cardiff old and new photographic memores[M].The UK:The Francis Frith Collection,2004.
[22]AA Glovebox Atlas Britain,14th Edition[M].The UK:AA Publishing,2013.
[23]AA Great Brit ain road atlas 1992[M].The UK:The Automobile Association,1991.
[24]Collins road atlas of Britain and Ireland[M].The UK:Collins Sons&Co Ltd,1984.
[25]Collins handy town plan atlas Britain with approach routes[M].Glasgow:Harper Collins Publishers,1999.
[26]FULLARD H.Esso road atlas Great Britain&Ireland[M].The UK:Edward Stanford Ltd,1978.
[27]ANE T.All change in Birmingham City centre as buses are taken out of Corporation Street:major changes are to be unveiled today for Birmingham City centre bus passengers[N/OL].(2012-07-05)[2016-12-12].http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/all-change-in-birmingham-city centre-as-buses-188030.
[28]Derby City Council.Derby city bus network guide[N/OL].(2014)[201705-10].http://www.derbyconnected.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Derby-City-MG-new-version.pdf.
[29]Images of Birmingham.Electric trams on Corporation Street in Birmingham City centre[N/OL].[2016-12-12].http://www.imagesofbirmingham.co.uk/media/e70dd59d-f008-41aa-be44-93c2f060c6c1-electric-trams-on corporation-street-in-birmingham-city-centre.
[30]AA Glovebox atlas Britain,13th Edition[M].The UK:The Automobile Association,2011.
[31]Collins Britain essential road atlas 2015[M].Glasgow:Harper Collins Publishers,2014.
[32]Walk 21 Committee.Conference conclusions[C].Perth,Australia:Walk21,2001.
[33]WELCH A.Oxford street diagonals[N/OL].[2016-10-10].http://www.e-architect.co.uk/london/oxford-street-diagonals.
[34]COUPE G,GREENWOOD C,FRASER P,et al.Visualising the New Oxford Circus junction in London,UK[C].Proceedings of the ICE-Civil Engineering,2014:25-32.
[35]Transport-for-London.Oxford Circus diagonal crossing lessons learned report march 2010[N/OL].[2016-10-10].http://thinkingwriting.qmul.ac.uk/wishees/collections/employment/tf l/Transpor t%20for%20London%20Two%20Reports/PDFs/58442.pdf.
[36]BBC.Oxford Circus‘x-crossing’used by 90 million people-BBC News[N/OL].(2010-11-02)[2016-10-10].http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england london-11672984.
[37]Transport-for-London.Legible London[N/OL].[2016-12-14].https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/boroughs/legible-london.
[38]葛天阳,阳建强,后文君.基于存量规划的更新型城市设计--以郑州京广路地段为例[J].城市规划,2017(7):62-71.
[39]国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020年)[Z].2014.
[40]中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年计划的建议[Z].2015.