基于城乡样条分区的绿色空间规划方法研究
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摘要
城市规划区绿色空间涵盖建设区绿化用地与非建设区水体、农林用地。土地利用系统属性差异与大相径庭的二元规划管控方法,人为拆解绿色空间内在空间、功能与过程上的系统整体性,滋生种种低效保护与利用症结。本文通过文献与规划实践研究,融合"城乡样条空间断面"与流域规划方法,形成基于城乡空间转化样条的绿色空间规划管控方法:分析并叠加城乡梯度转化样条分区与流域自然生态功能分区,形成规划区全覆盖样条分区;依据各样条分区绿色空间的自然属性与相应分区城乡建设功能诉求,确定分区绿色空间规划导向及用地空间布局;按照分区保护与利用管控导向,制定样条分区管控措施及设计导引。
The green space of urban planning areas includes green space within urban construction area and non-development land: water body, agricultural land, and forestland. Difference in landuse system and associated planning and control methods ignore the integrity of green space in terms of space, function, and process, resulting in issues of inefficient protection and utilization of green space. Through literature research and planning practice analysis, the paper develops a green-space planning method based on urban-rural transect by combining methods of "urban-rural transect" planning and watershed planning. The method is interpreted as:(1) building transect zones through the overlapping of urban-rural transect division and watershedecological zones based on regional ecological process;(2) identifying planning orientation and land-use layout pattern in line with the natural attribute of green space and functions derived from urban-rural construction;(3) formulating regulatory measures and design guidance in accordance with green space conservation and utilization in the context of urban-rural transect.
The green space of urban planning areas includes green space within urban construction area and non-development land: water body, agricultural land, and forestland. Difference in landuse system and associated planning and control methods ignore the integrity of green space in terms of space, function, and process, resulting in issues of inefficient protection and utilization of green space. Through literature research and planning practice analysis, the paper develops a green-space planning method based on urban-rural transect by combining methods of "urban-rural transect" planning and watershed planning. The method is interpreted as:(1) building transect zones through the overlapping of urban-rural transect division and watershedecological zones based on regional ecological process;(2) identifying planning orientation and land-use layout pattern in line with the natural attribute of green space and functions derived from urban-rural construction;(3) formulating regulatory measures and design guidance in accordance with green space conservation and utilization in the context of urban-rural transect.
引文
1何子张.城市绿色空间保护的规划反思与探索--以南京为例[J].规划师,2009,25(4):45-49.HE Zizhang.Review on Urban Green Space Protection Planning:A Case Study of Nanjing[J].Planners,2009,25(4):45-49.
2李锋,王如松.城市绿色空间生态规划的方法与实践--以扬州市为例[J].城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(6):46-48.LI Feng,WANG Rusong.Method and Practice for Ecological Planning of Urban Green Space:Yangzhou City as the Case Study[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2003,16(6):46-48.
3杜钦,侯颖,王开运,等.国外绿地规划建设实践对城乡绿色空间的启示[J].城市规划,2008,32(8):74-80.DU Qin,HOU Ying,WANG Kaiyun,et al.International Experiences of Green Space Construction on Urban-Rural Green System in China[J].City Planning Review,2008,32(8):74-80.
4叶林,邢忠,颜文涛.生态导向下城市边缘区规划研究[J].城市规划学刊,2011(6):68-76.YE Lin,XING Zhong,YAN Wentao.Reflection on EcoOriented Planning Strategies of Peri-Urban Area[J].Urban Planning Forum,2011(6):68-76.
5 DUANY A,TALEN E.Transect Planning[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2002,68(2):245-266.
6 DUANY A.Introduction to the Special Issue Dedicated to the Transect[J].Journal of Urban Design,2002,7(3):251-260.
7 Center for Applied Transect Studies.Image Library:Natural Transect[EB/OL].[2016-09-01].http://transect.org/natural_img.html.
8 GEDDES P.Cities in Evolution:An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics[M].London:Williams&Norgate,1915.
9 MCHARG I L.Design with Nature[M].New York:Natural History Press,1969.
10 Duany Plater-Zyberk&CO.The Lexicon of New Urbanism[EB/OL].[2016-09-01].www.dpz.com_uploads_Books_Lexicon-2014.
11 DUANY A,et al.Smart Code and Manual[M].Miami,USA:New Urban Publications,2005.
12 PAYTON N I,HAWKES A.Designing New Transit Systems Using a Transect-Based Model[J].Urban Design&Planning,2013(4):217-228.
13 ABUNNASR Y,HAMIN E M.The Green Infrastructure Transect:An Organizational Framework for Mainstreaming Adaptation Planning Policies[C]//KONRAD OttoZimmermann.Resilient Cities:Cities and Adaptation to Climate Change Proceedings of the Global Forum,2011.
14 U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Introduction to Watershed Ecology[EB/OL].[2016-09-01].http://www.epa.gov/watertrain.
15 Feral Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group(FISRWG).Stream Corridor Restoration:Principles,Processes,and Practices[R/OL].1998[2016-09-01].USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service.http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1044574.pdf.
16颜文涛,萧敬豪,胡海,等.城市空间结构的环境绩效:进展与思考[J].城市规划学刊,2012(5):50-59.YAN Wentao,XIAO Jinghao,HU Hai,et al.Urban Spatial Structure and Environmental Performance:Review Thought[J].Urban Planning Forum,2012(5):50-59.
17周健,肖荣波,庄长伟,等.城市森林碳汇及其核算方法研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(12):3368-3377.ZHOU Jian,XIAO Rongbo,ZHUANG Changwei,et al.Urban Forest Carbon Sink and Its Estimation Method:AReview[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(12):3368-3377.
18杨冬辉.城市空间扩展对河流自然演进的影响--因循自然的城市规划方法初探[J].城市规划,2001,25(11):39-43.YANG Donghui.Impact of Urban Expansion on the Natural Evolution of the Rivers[J].City Planning Review,2001,25(11):39-43.
19冯徽徽,刘慧平,朱寿东,等.城市扩张对东莞市陆表温度的影响分析[J].地理与地理信息科学,2010,26(3):87-90.FENG Huihui,LIU Huiping,ZHU Shoudong,et al.Influence Analysis of Urbanization on Land Surface Temperature in Dongguan City[J].Geography and GeoInformation Science,2010,26(3):87-90.
20 MCDONNELL M J,PICKETT S T.Humans as Components of Ecosystems:The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1993.
21 HUANG S L.Ecological Energetics,Hierarchy,and Urban Form:A System Modelling Approach to the Evolution of Urban Zonation[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,1998,25(3):391-410.
22 DUANY A,ROBERT P,TALEN E.A General Theory of Urbanism,Towards a System of Assessment Based upon Garden City Principles[R/OL].[2016-09-01].http://www.dpz.comup loadsBooksDRAFT20140924-A_General_Theory_of_Urbanism.pdf.
23 MARSH W M.Landscape Planning:Environmental Applications[M].Wiley Press,2010.
24金云峰,周聪惠.城市绿地系统规划要素组织架构研究[J].城市规划学刊,2013(3):86-92.JIN Yunfeng,ZHOU Conghui.A Research on the Framework of Urban Green Space System Planning[J].Urban Planning Forum,2013(3):86-92.
25陈蔚镇,刘滨谊,黄筱敏.基于规划决策的多尺度城市绿地空间分析[J].城市规划学刊,2012(5):60-65.CHEN Weizhen,LIU Binyi,HUANG Xiaomin.PlanningOriented Multiple-Scale Spatial Evaluation on Urban Green Space[J].Urban Planning Forum,2012(5):60-65.
26 North Carolina Division of Water Quality(NCDWQ).Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual,2007[EB/OL].[2016-09-01].http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/su/bmp_forms.htm.
27 BERG H E,BENDOR T K.A Case Study of FormBased Solutions for Watershed Protection[J].Environmental Management,2010(46):436-445.
28邢忠,余俏,靳桥.低环境影响规划设计技术方法研究[J].中国园林,2015,31(6):51-56.XING Zhong,YU Qiao,JIN Qiao.Low Environmental Impact Planning and Design[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015,31(6):51-56.
(1)习近平首次系统阐述“新常态”.2014-11-09.http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-11/09/c_1113175964.htm。
(2)国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020年).http://www.gov.cn/zhuanti/xxczh/。
2李锋,王如松.城市绿色空间生态规划的方法与实践--以扬州市为例[J].城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(6):46-48.LI Feng,WANG Rusong.Method and Practice for Ecological Planning of Urban Green Space:Yangzhou City as the Case Study[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2003,16(6):46-48.
3杜钦,侯颖,王开运,等.国外绿地规划建设实践对城乡绿色空间的启示[J].城市规划,2008,32(8):74-80.DU Qin,HOU Ying,WANG Kaiyun,et al.International Experiences of Green Space Construction on Urban-Rural Green System in China[J].City Planning Review,2008,32(8):74-80.
4叶林,邢忠,颜文涛.生态导向下城市边缘区规划研究[J].城市规划学刊,2011(6):68-76.YE Lin,XING Zhong,YAN Wentao.Reflection on EcoOriented Planning Strategies of Peri-Urban Area[J].Urban Planning Forum,2011(6):68-76.
5 DUANY A,TALEN E.Transect Planning[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2002,68(2):245-266.
6 DUANY A.Introduction to the Special Issue Dedicated to the Transect[J].Journal of Urban Design,2002,7(3):251-260.
7 Center for Applied Transect Studies.Image Library:Natural Transect[EB/OL].[2016-09-01].http://transect.org/natural_img.html.
8 GEDDES P.Cities in Evolution:An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics[M].London:Williams&Norgate,1915.
9 MCHARG I L.Design with Nature[M].New York:Natural History Press,1969.
10 Duany Plater-Zyberk&CO.The Lexicon of New Urbanism[EB/OL].[2016-09-01].www.dpz.com_uploads_Books_Lexicon-2014.
11 DUANY A,et al.Smart Code and Manual[M].Miami,USA:New Urban Publications,2005.
12 PAYTON N I,HAWKES A.Designing New Transit Systems Using a Transect-Based Model[J].Urban Design&Planning,2013(4):217-228.
13 ABUNNASR Y,HAMIN E M.The Green Infrastructure Transect:An Organizational Framework for Mainstreaming Adaptation Planning Policies[C]//KONRAD OttoZimmermann.Resilient Cities:Cities and Adaptation to Climate Change Proceedings of the Global Forum,2011.
14 U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Introduction to Watershed Ecology[EB/OL].[2016-09-01].http://www.epa.gov/watertrain.
15 Feral Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group(FISRWG).Stream Corridor Restoration:Principles,Processes,and Practices[R/OL].1998[2016-09-01].USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service.http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1044574.pdf.
16颜文涛,萧敬豪,胡海,等.城市空间结构的环境绩效:进展与思考[J].城市规划学刊,2012(5):50-59.YAN Wentao,XIAO Jinghao,HU Hai,et al.Urban Spatial Structure and Environmental Performance:Review Thought[J].Urban Planning Forum,2012(5):50-59.
17周健,肖荣波,庄长伟,等.城市森林碳汇及其核算方法研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(12):3368-3377.ZHOU Jian,XIAO Rongbo,ZHUANG Changwei,et al.Urban Forest Carbon Sink and Its Estimation Method:AReview[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(12):3368-3377.
18杨冬辉.城市空间扩展对河流自然演进的影响--因循自然的城市规划方法初探[J].城市规划,2001,25(11):39-43.YANG Donghui.Impact of Urban Expansion on the Natural Evolution of the Rivers[J].City Planning Review,2001,25(11):39-43.
19冯徽徽,刘慧平,朱寿东,等.城市扩张对东莞市陆表温度的影响分析[J].地理与地理信息科学,2010,26(3):87-90.FENG Huihui,LIU Huiping,ZHU Shoudong,et al.Influence Analysis of Urbanization on Land Surface Temperature in Dongguan City[J].Geography and GeoInformation Science,2010,26(3):87-90.
20 MCDONNELL M J,PICKETT S T.Humans as Components of Ecosystems:The Ecology of Subtle Human Effects and Populated Areas[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1993.
21 HUANG S L.Ecological Energetics,Hierarchy,and Urban Form:A System Modelling Approach to the Evolution of Urban Zonation[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,1998,25(3):391-410.
22 DUANY A,ROBERT P,TALEN E.A General Theory of Urbanism,Towards a System of Assessment Based upon Garden City Principles[R/OL].[2016-09-01].http://www.dpz.comup loadsBooksDRAFT20140924-A_General_Theory_of_Urbanism.pdf.
23 MARSH W M.Landscape Planning:Environmental Applications[M].Wiley Press,2010.
24金云峰,周聪惠.城市绿地系统规划要素组织架构研究[J].城市规划学刊,2013(3):86-92.JIN Yunfeng,ZHOU Conghui.A Research on the Framework of Urban Green Space System Planning[J].Urban Planning Forum,2013(3):86-92.
25陈蔚镇,刘滨谊,黄筱敏.基于规划决策的多尺度城市绿地空间分析[J].城市规划学刊,2012(5):60-65.CHEN Weizhen,LIU Binyi,HUANG Xiaomin.PlanningOriented Multiple-Scale Spatial Evaluation on Urban Green Space[J].Urban Planning Forum,2012(5):60-65.
26 North Carolina Division of Water Quality(NCDWQ).Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual,2007[EB/OL].[2016-09-01].http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/su/bmp_forms.htm.
27 BERG H E,BENDOR T K.A Case Study of FormBased Solutions for Watershed Protection[J].Environmental Management,2010(46):436-445.
28邢忠,余俏,靳桥.低环境影响规划设计技术方法研究[J].中国园林,2015,31(6):51-56.XING Zhong,YU Qiao,JIN Qiao.Low Environmental Impact Planning and Design[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015,31(6):51-56.
(1)习近平首次系统阐述“新常态”.2014-11-09.http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-11/09/c_1113175964.htm。
(2)国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020年).http://www.gov.cn/zhuanti/xxczh/。