空间碎片探测卫星成像CCD的在轨辐射效应分析
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摘要
电荷耦合器件(CCD)是卫星应用的主流成像器件,其受空间辐射环境影响易产生辐射效应,导致卫星成像性能退化,因此CCD的在轨辐射效应分析对卫星在轨风险评估、在轨维护具有重要意义。针对空间碎片探测试验卫星成像CCD在轨出现的辐射效应,通过在轨图像数据计算,对辐射作用于CCD导致的瞬时效应、热像素、电离总剂量效应和位移损伤进行了估算。分析认为瞬时效应主要源于南大西洋异常区内高能质子入射器件导致的瞬间电离作用;热像素源于质子辐射导致的单个像素位移损伤,且数量随着在轨时间的累积不断增加,与瞬时效应无明显的相关性;在轨初期累积的电离总剂量效应和位移损伤并不突出;热像素是影响探测器光电探测性能的主要问题,在较低粒子注量时就比较显著。上述工作为卫星在轨风险评估与运行管理收集了数据依据,并初步形成了针对在轨运行光电探测载荷辐射效应分析方法,可为天基目标探测卫星成像器件的在轨辐射效应分析、抗辐射设计提供参考。
High-performance Charge-Coupled Devices(CCDs) are the preeminent detectors for space-based photoelectric detection.However, the vulnerability of CCDs to radiation damage in the space radiation environment is a serious threat to space imaging applications in terms of earth-observing spectral measurement and space debris detection. Observing the in-orbit radiation effects of CCDs used in a space imaging system is crucial. This kind of work can provide essential data for the in-orbit maintenance and future design of a space mission. Through calculation and analysis using plenty of in-orbit images generated by a space debris detection experiment satellite, several kinds of imaging abnormalities caused by the space radiation environment of the satellite are observed. The radiation damage on the CCD imager used in the satellite's visible camera is assessed. First, the abnormal phenomenon of imaging functions is described. Second, transient effects and hot pixels induced by protons in the space environment are analyzed. In addition, the total ionizing dose effects and displacement damage of the CCD imager are estimated to help predict the long-term in-orbit performance of the device. The transient effects mainly result from the instantaneous ionization in pixel structures induced by protons from the South Atlantic Anomaly(SAA). When the satellite traversed the SAA, the number of transient effects is changed in proportion to the proton flux in this position in the SAA. The number of transient effects for one traversing agrees with the Gaussian distribution. All the hot pixels present a high dark current several times larger than that of most normal pixels. The number of hot pixels increase with the time in-orbit of the satellite. The increase is almost linear with the run time or the times passed through the SAA. The hot pixels are mainly attributed to the single particle displacement damage induced by energetic protons in the SAA. No observable correlation is noted between hot pixels and transient effects.The principal influence on the CCD imager is the increase of hot pixels with the time in-orbit. Even in the early stage after the launch of the satellite, the influence of CCD's hot pixels may be significant, an outcome that is clearly different from the accumulated radiation damage(total ionizing dose effects and accumulated displacement damage) on CCDs. The results of the above work suggest that critical information is obtained for operational risk assessment and in-orbit management of the satellite. In addition, the methodology is formed for in-orbit radiation degradation prediction on image sensor and optical payload. The method may be useful for radiation hardness on a space-based debris detection satellite, which is situated in either low or high earth orbit.The mechanisms of hot pixels generated by proton bombardment still require further study.
High-performance Charge-Coupled Devices(CCDs) are the preeminent detectors for space-based photoelectric detection.However, the vulnerability of CCDs to radiation damage in the space radiation environment is a serious threat to space imaging applications in terms of earth-observing spectral measurement and space debris detection. Observing the in-orbit radiation effects of CCDs used in a space imaging system is crucial. This kind of work can provide essential data for the in-orbit maintenance and future design of a space mission. Through calculation and analysis using plenty of in-orbit images generated by a space debris detection experiment satellite, several kinds of imaging abnormalities caused by the space radiation environment of the satellite are observed. The radiation damage on the CCD imager used in the satellite's visible camera is assessed. First, the abnormal phenomenon of imaging functions is described. Second, transient effects and hot pixels induced by protons in the space environment are analyzed. In addition, the total ionizing dose effects and displacement damage of the CCD imager are estimated to help predict the long-term in-orbit performance of the device. The transient effects mainly result from the instantaneous ionization in pixel structures induced by protons from the South Atlantic Anomaly(SAA). When the satellite traversed the SAA, the number of transient effects is changed in proportion to the proton flux in this position in the SAA. The number of transient effects for one traversing agrees with the Gaussian distribution. All the hot pixels present a high dark current several times larger than that of most normal pixels. The number of hot pixels increase with the time in-orbit of the satellite. The increase is almost linear with the run time or the times passed through the SAA. The hot pixels are mainly attributed to the single particle displacement damage induced by energetic protons in the SAA. No observable correlation is noted between hot pixels and transient effects.The principal influence on the CCD imager is the increase of hot pixels with the time in-orbit. Even in the early stage after the launch of the satellite, the influence of CCD's hot pixels may be significant, an outcome that is clearly different from the accumulated radiation damage(total ionizing dose effects and accumulated displacement damage) on CCDs. The results of the above work suggest that critical information is obtained for operational risk assessment and in-orbit management of the satellite. In addition, the methodology is formed for in-orbit radiation degradation prediction on image sensor and optical payload. The method may be useful for radiation hardness on a space-based debris detection satellite, which is situated in either low or high earth orbit.The mechanisms of hot pixels generated by proton bombardment still require further study.
引文
Casadio S and Arino O.2011.Monitoring the south atlantic anomaly using ATSR instrument series.Advances in Space Research,48(6):1056-1066[DOI:10.1016/j.asr.2011.05.014]
Dachev T P,Semkova J,Tomov B,Matviichuk Y,Dimitrov P,Koleva R,Malchev S,Reitz G,Horneck G,De Angelis G,H?der D P,Petrov V,Shurshakov V,Benghin V,Chernykh I,Drobyshev S and Bankov N G.2011.Space Shuttle drops down the SAA doses on ISS.Advances in Space Research,47(11):2030-2038[DOI:10.1016/j.asr.2011.01.034]
Gilard O,Boatella C,Dolado J C,Auvergne M,Quadri G and Boutillier M.2010.CoRoT satellite:analysis of the in-orbit CCD dark current degradation.IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,57(3):1644-1653[DOI:10.1109/TNS.2010.2044048]
Hopkinson G R and Mohammadzadeh A.2004.Radiation effects in charge-coupled device(CCD)imagers and CMOS active pixel sensors.International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems,14(2):419-443[DOI:10.1142/S0129156404002442]
Li Y D,Guo Q,Lu W,Zhou D,He C F and Yu X F.2012.Research on electron irradiation damage effects of charge coupled device.Atomic Energy Science and Technology,46(3):346-350(李豫东,郭旗,陆妩,周东,何承发,余学峰.2012.CCD在不同注量率电子辐照下的辐射效应研究.原子能科学技术,46(3):346-350)
Oldham T R and McLean F B.2003.Total ionizing dose effects in MOS oxides and devices.IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,50(3):483-499[DOI:10.1109/TNS.2003.812927]
Pickel J C,Kalma A H,Hopkinson G R and Marshall C J.2003.Radiation effects on photonic imagers-a historical perspective.IEEETransactions on Nuclear Science,50(3):671-688[DOI:10.1109/TNS.2003.813126]
Polidan E J,Waczynski A,Marshall P,Johnson S D,Marshall C,Reed R,Kimble R A,Delo G,Schlossberg D,Russell A M,Beck T,Wen Y T,Yagelowich J and Hill P J.2004.A study of hot pixel annealing in the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3CCDs//Proceedings of SPIE 5487,Optical,Infrared,and Millimeter Space Telescopes.Glasgow:SPIE[DOI:10.1117/12.552111]
Prigozhin G Y,Kissel S E,Bautz M W,Grant C,LaMarr B,Foster R Fand Ricker G R.2000.Characterization of the radiation damage in the Chandra x-ray CCDs//Proceedings of SPIE 4140,X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy XI.San Diego:SPIE:123-134[DOI:10.1117/12.409106]
Scott A,Hackett J and Man K.2013.On-orbit results for canada’s sapphire optical payload//Proceedings of Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference.Wailea,Maui:AMOS
Sirianni M and Mutchler M.2006.Radiation damage in hst detectors//Beletic J E,Beletic J W and Amico P,eds.Scientific Detectors for Astronomy 2005.Dordrecht:Springer:171-178[DOI:10.1007/1-4020-4330-9_21]
Sirianni M,Mutchler M,Clampin M,Ford H,Illingworth G,Hartig G,van Orsow D and Wheeler T.2004.Performance of the advanced camera for surveys CCDs after two years on orbit//Proceedings of SPIE 5499,Optical and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy.Glasgow:SPIE:173-184[DOI:10.1117/12.552584]
Smith D R,Holland A D and Hutchinson I B.2004.Random telegraph signals in charge coupled devices.Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research:Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,530(3):521-535[DOI:10.1016/j.nima.2004.03.210]
Srour J R and Palko J W.2013.Displacement damage effects in irradiated semiconductor devices.IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,60(3):1740-1766[DOI:10.1109/TNS.2013.2261316]
Stokes G H,von Braun C,Sridharan R,Harrison D and Sharma J.1998.The space-based visible program.Lincoln Laboratory Journal,11(2):205-238
Stuart J S,Wiseman A J and Sharma J.2008.Space-based visible end of life experiments//Proceedings of Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference.Wailea,Maui:AMOS
Virmontois C,Goiffon V,Robbins M S,Tauziede L,Geoffray H,Raine M,Girard S,Gilard O,Magnan P and Bardoux A.2013.Dark current random telegraph signals in solid-state image sensors.IEEETransactions on Nuclear Science,60(6):4323-4331[DOI:10.1109/TNS.2013.2290236]
Wang B,Wen L,Li Y D,Guo Q,Wang C M,Wang F,Ren D Y,Zeng J Z and Wu D Y.2015.Degradation of saturation output of CCDinduced by proton,neutron and cobalt-60 irradiation.Infrared and Laser Engineering,44(S1):35-40(汪波,文林,李豫东,郭旗,汪朝敏,王帆,任迪远,曾骏哲,武大猷.2015.质子、中子、60Co-γ射线辐照对电荷耦合器件饱和输出电压的影响.红外与激光工程,44(S1):35-40)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2276.2015.z1.007]
Wen L,Li Y D,Guo Q,Ren D Y,Wang B and Ma L Y.2015.Analysis of ionizing and department damage mechanism in proton-irradiation-induced scientific charge-coupled device.Acta Physica Sinica,64(2):024220(文林,李豫东,郭旗,任迪远,汪波,玛丽娅.2015.质子辐照导致科学级电荷耦合器件电离效应和位移效应分析.物理学报,64(2):024220)[DOI:10.7498/aps.64.024220]
Zhang K K,Li Z Y,Hu H Y,Zhu Z C and Yang G Q.2015.Analysis of influence of south atlantic anomaly based on space-based visible detection images.Chinese Space Science and Technology,35(5):33-40(张科科,李宗耀,胡海鹰,朱振才,杨根庆.2015.基于天基光学探测图像初析南大西洋异常区影响.中国空间科学技术,35(5):33-40)[DOI:10.3780/j.issn.1000-758X.2015.05.005]
Dachev T P,Semkova J,Tomov B,Matviichuk Y,Dimitrov P,Koleva R,Malchev S,Reitz G,Horneck G,De Angelis G,H?der D P,Petrov V,Shurshakov V,Benghin V,Chernykh I,Drobyshev S and Bankov N G.2011.Space Shuttle drops down the SAA doses on ISS.Advances in Space Research,47(11):2030-2038[DOI:10.1016/j.asr.2011.01.034]
Gilard O,Boatella C,Dolado J C,Auvergne M,Quadri G and Boutillier M.2010.CoRoT satellite:analysis of the in-orbit CCD dark current degradation.IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,57(3):1644-1653[DOI:10.1109/TNS.2010.2044048]
Hopkinson G R and Mohammadzadeh A.2004.Radiation effects in charge-coupled device(CCD)imagers and CMOS active pixel sensors.International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems,14(2):419-443[DOI:10.1142/S0129156404002442]
Li Y D,Guo Q,Lu W,Zhou D,He C F and Yu X F.2012.Research on electron irradiation damage effects of charge coupled device.Atomic Energy Science and Technology,46(3):346-350(李豫东,郭旗,陆妩,周东,何承发,余学峰.2012.CCD在不同注量率电子辐照下的辐射效应研究.原子能科学技术,46(3):346-350)
Oldham T R and McLean F B.2003.Total ionizing dose effects in MOS oxides and devices.IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,50(3):483-499[DOI:10.1109/TNS.2003.812927]
Pickel J C,Kalma A H,Hopkinson G R and Marshall C J.2003.Radiation effects on photonic imagers-a historical perspective.IEEETransactions on Nuclear Science,50(3):671-688[DOI:10.1109/TNS.2003.813126]
Polidan E J,Waczynski A,Marshall P,Johnson S D,Marshall C,Reed R,Kimble R A,Delo G,Schlossberg D,Russell A M,Beck T,Wen Y T,Yagelowich J and Hill P J.2004.A study of hot pixel annealing in the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3CCDs//Proceedings of SPIE 5487,Optical,Infrared,and Millimeter Space Telescopes.Glasgow:SPIE[DOI:10.1117/12.552111]
Prigozhin G Y,Kissel S E,Bautz M W,Grant C,LaMarr B,Foster R Fand Ricker G R.2000.Characterization of the radiation damage in the Chandra x-ray CCDs//Proceedings of SPIE 4140,X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy XI.San Diego:SPIE:123-134[DOI:10.1117/12.409106]
Scott A,Hackett J and Man K.2013.On-orbit results for canada’s sapphire optical payload//Proceedings of Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference.Wailea,Maui:AMOS
Sirianni M and Mutchler M.2006.Radiation damage in hst detectors//Beletic J E,Beletic J W and Amico P,eds.Scientific Detectors for Astronomy 2005.Dordrecht:Springer:171-178[DOI:10.1007/1-4020-4330-9_21]
Sirianni M,Mutchler M,Clampin M,Ford H,Illingworth G,Hartig G,van Orsow D and Wheeler T.2004.Performance of the advanced camera for surveys CCDs after two years on orbit//Proceedings of SPIE 5499,Optical and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy.Glasgow:SPIE:173-184[DOI:10.1117/12.552584]
Smith D R,Holland A D and Hutchinson I B.2004.Random telegraph signals in charge coupled devices.Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research:Section A:Accelerators,Spectrometers,Detectors and Associated Equipment,530(3):521-535[DOI:10.1016/j.nima.2004.03.210]
Srour J R and Palko J W.2013.Displacement damage effects in irradiated semiconductor devices.IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science,60(3):1740-1766[DOI:10.1109/TNS.2013.2261316]
Stokes G H,von Braun C,Sridharan R,Harrison D and Sharma J.1998.The space-based visible program.Lincoln Laboratory Journal,11(2):205-238
Stuart J S,Wiseman A J and Sharma J.2008.Space-based visible end of life experiments//Proceedings of Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference.Wailea,Maui:AMOS
Virmontois C,Goiffon V,Robbins M S,Tauziede L,Geoffray H,Raine M,Girard S,Gilard O,Magnan P and Bardoux A.2013.Dark current random telegraph signals in solid-state image sensors.IEEETransactions on Nuclear Science,60(6):4323-4331[DOI:10.1109/TNS.2013.2290236]
Wang B,Wen L,Li Y D,Guo Q,Wang C M,Wang F,Ren D Y,Zeng J Z and Wu D Y.2015.Degradation of saturation output of CCDinduced by proton,neutron and cobalt-60 irradiation.Infrared and Laser Engineering,44(S1):35-40(汪波,文林,李豫东,郭旗,汪朝敏,王帆,任迪远,曾骏哲,武大猷.2015.质子、中子、60Co-γ射线辐照对电荷耦合器件饱和输出电压的影响.红外与激光工程,44(S1):35-40)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-2276.2015.z1.007]
Wen L,Li Y D,Guo Q,Ren D Y,Wang B and Ma L Y.2015.Analysis of ionizing and department damage mechanism in proton-irradiation-induced scientific charge-coupled device.Acta Physica Sinica,64(2):024220(文林,李豫东,郭旗,任迪远,汪波,玛丽娅.2015.质子辐照导致科学级电荷耦合器件电离效应和位移效应分析.物理学报,64(2):024220)[DOI:10.7498/aps.64.024220]
Zhang K K,Li Z Y,Hu H Y,Zhu Z C and Yang G Q.2015.Analysis of influence of south atlantic anomaly based on space-based visible detection images.Chinese Space Science and Technology,35(5):33-40(张科科,李宗耀,胡海鹰,朱振才,杨根庆.2015.基于天基光学探测图像初析南大西洋异常区影响.中国空间科学技术,35(5):33-40)[DOI:10.3780/j.issn.1000-758X.2015.05.005]