欧盟及其成员国海洋塑料垃圾政策及对我国的启示
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摘要
海洋垃圾已经逐渐成为一个全球性的新兴话题,尤其是塑料垃圾对于海洋环境具有破坏性的影响。我国目前还缺少海洋塑料垃圾的统一管理机制,对海洋塑料垃圾的防治还未有专门的战略规划,使得目前的污染防治成效不甚乐观,因此,整合各部门力量和资源,对海洋塑料垃圾防治进行统一规划、统一管理是关键。本文在对欧盟及其成员国的海洋塑料垃圾政策搜集和梳理分析的基础上,从塑料的生产和使用、入海塑料垃圾的处理、海洋中已有垃圾的处置三方面与我国进行了对比,并从海洋塑料垃圾的法律体系、行动计划、全过程管控、监测防治技术、宣传教育手段和全球治理等方面为我国加强海洋塑料垃圾污染防治提出了建议。
Ocean garbage has been increasingly recognized as an emerging global issue, and the effects of plastic waste areparticularly devastating in the marine environment. However, integrated management mechanism for ocean plastic has notbeen built up in China yet, and there is no specific strategic plan for the prevention and control of marine plastic, thusresulting in unsatisfactory marine plastic governance. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate relevant departments' forces andresources to conduct united planning, protection and management. In this study, ocean plastic policies in EU Member Statesare collected and summarized. Comparisons were made with China through the aspects of plastic production and utilization,terrestrial waste disposal and marine waste governance. And specific countermeasures areproposed to strengthen theprevention of marine plastic litter pollution such as legal system, action plan, whole process supervision, monitoring andtreatment technique, publicity and education, and global governance.
Ocean garbage has been increasingly recognized as an emerging global issue, and the effects of plastic waste areparticularly devastating in the marine environment. However, integrated management mechanism for ocean plastic has notbeen built up in China yet, and there is no specific strategic plan for the prevention and control of marine plastic, thusresulting in unsatisfactory marine plastic governance. Therefore, it is crucial to integrate relevant departments' forces andresources to conduct united planning, protection and management. In this study, ocean plastic policies in EU Member Statesare collected and summarized. Comparisons were made with China through the aspects of plastic production and utilization,terrestrial waste disposal and marine waste governance. And specific countermeasures areproposed to strengthen theprevention of marine plastic litter pollution such as legal system, action plan, whole process supervision, monitoring andtreatment technique, publicity and education, and global governance.
引文
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European Commission,2018.A European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy.http://ec.europa.eu/environment/circulareconomy/pdf/plastics-strategy.pdf,2018-1.
Global Registry of Voluntary Commitments&Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships,2016.Global partnership on marine litter(GPML).https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=7471,2016-6.
HELCOM,2015.Regional Action Plan for Marine Litter.http://www.helcom.fi/Lists/Publications/Regional%20Action%20Plan%20for%20Marine%20Litter.pdf,2015.
IUCN,2017.National marine plastic litter policies in EU Member States:an overview.https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2017-052.pdf,2017-11.
OSPAR,2018.OSPAR Commion.Marine Litter.https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/eiha/marine-litter,2018-3.
UNEP,2016.Marine plastic debrisµplastics-Globallessons and research to inspire action and guide policy change.http://drustage.unep.org/about/partnerships/marine-plastic-debris-and-microplasticsglobal-lessons-and-research-inspire-action-and-guide-policy,2016.
高磊,张蒙蒙,鞠莲,等,2016.中国海洋垃圾监测与评价工作的思考.环境科学与管理,41(6):112-114.
国峰,周鹏,李志恩,等,2014.2011年东中国海沿岸海域海洋垃圾分布、组成与来源分析.海洋湖沼通报,(3):193-200.
国家海洋局,2010-2016.中国海洋环境状况公报.北京:国家海洋局.
何冰,2013.在港船舶垃圾管理法律问题研究.大连:大连海事大学.
廖琴,曲建升,王金平,等,2015.世界海洋环境中的塑料污染现状分析及治理建议.世界科技研究与发展,37(2):206-211.
吕建华,2013.中国海洋倾废管理及其法律规制研究.青岛:中国海洋大学.
赵淑江,王海雁,刘健,等,2009.微塑料污染对海洋环境的影响.海洋科学,33(3):84-86.
赵肖,綦世斌,廖岩,等,2016.我国海滩垃圾污染现状及控制对策.环境科学研究,29(10):1560-1566.