城市植被调查的取样面积推算与遗漏植物曲线
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摘要
种—面积关系常用于确定自然植被调查的取样面积,但其在城市植被中的应用依然少见报道。基于重庆市3个行政区共54个样地,采用巢式样方法和随机样方法同时调查样地所有植物,揭示城市植物种—面积关系,分析城市植物调查的取样面积推算方法,并通过遗漏曲线揭示两种调查方法遗漏植物的规律。研究结果表明:巢式样方法下,种—面积曲线符合Logistic函数和Allometrica1函数的变化规律(R~2>0.90),相关公式可用于推算最小取样面积,且取样精度越高则所需最小取样面积增加量越大。公园及居住区绿地,调查到植物种数的比例从60%逐渐增加到90%时,所需最小取样面积的平均值从17.7 m~2逐渐增加到162.0 m~2。在巢式样方法下,取样面积从100 m~2增加到625 m~2,公园和居住区绿地中遗漏的植物(未被调查到的植物),种数比例分别从15.17%和13.98%降低至1.42%和0.42%。目前城市植物调查中常用的100 m~2样方面积下,公园和居住区中遗漏的物种中,分别有78.1%和81.8%为频率3.7%的低频物种。公园和居住区绿地中,遗漏植物的频率—种数关系均符合Hyperb1函数曲线(R~2>0.95)。草本植物调查中常用的随机样方法(3个1m×1m样方),遗漏草本植物的种数平均为公园草本植物的41.44%、居住区草本植物的49.58%,其中A级频率物种分别占公园及居住区的93.48%和93.22%。随机样方法下,公园和居住区绿地遗漏草本植物的频率—种数关系符合Logistic函数曲线(R~2>0.94)。研究结果和方法可为城市植物多样性调查取样方法的确定和评价提供一定的理论参考。
Although the species-area relationship is a basic method to study plot area of nature vegetation community, its application and adaptability in urban vegetation community is rarely reported. In this research, to study the species-area relationship and analyze the method of calculating the sampling area of urban vegetation, 54 samples in three regions of Chongqing were sampled by the nested plot method and the random plot method. What's more, the law of missing plants in the two survey methods was revealed by the missing curve. As revealed, by nested plots, the species-area curves fitted Logistic function and Allometrica1 function, with fit degree values R~2 above 0.90, the correlation formula could be used to calculate the minimum sampling area, and the higher the sampling accuracy was, the greater increase in the minimum sampling area required. For plants in Park Green Space and Residential Green Space, when the proportion of plant species surveyed was gradually increased from 60% to 90%, the average minimum sampling area requirement gradually increased from 17.7 m~2 to 162.0 m~2. In samples with area of 100 m~2 to 625 m~2, the percentage of unrecorded species in Park and Residential Green Space decreased from 15.17% and 13.98% to 1.42% and 0.42%, respectively. By the commonly adopted sampling area of 100 m~2 in urban vegetation surveys, 75.8% omitted species from Park Green Space and 81.8% omitted species from Residential Green Space had frequency of only 3.7%. Curves of omitted species number for different levels of frequency fitted Hyperb1 function, with R~2 above 0.95. As to another commonly adopted sampling method in herb investigation, by three 1 m × 1 m herb plots, 41.44% in Park Green Space and 49.58% in Residential Green Space were omitted, with level-A frequency species respectively accounted for 93.48% and 93.22% of the omitted species. For random samples method, the frequency distribution curves of omitted species fitted Logistic function, with R~2 above 0.94. Results and methods in this research would provide some theoretical reference for the determination and assessment of sampling methods in urban plant community survey.
Although the species-area relationship is a basic method to study plot area of nature vegetation community, its application and adaptability in urban vegetation community is rarely reported. In this research, to study the species-area relationship and analyze the method of calculating the sampling area of urban vegetation, 54 samples in three regions of Chongqing were sampled by the nested plot method and the random plot method. What's more, the law of missing plants in the two survey methods was revealed by the missing curve. As revealed, by nested plots, the species-area curves fitted Logistic function and Allometrica1 function, with fit degree values R~2 above 0.90, the correlation formula could be used to calculate the minimum sampling area, and the higher the sampling accuracy was, the greater increase in the minimum sampling area required. For plants in Park Green Space and Residential Green Space, when the proportion of plant species surveyed was gradually increased from 60% to 90%, the average minimum sampling area requirement gradually increased from 17.7 m~2 to 162.0 m~2. In samples with area of 100 m~2 to 625 m~2, the percentage of unrecorded species in Park and Residential Green Space decreased from 15.17% and 13.98% to 1.42% and 0.42%, respectively. By the commonly adopted sampling area of 100 m~2 in urban vegetation surveys, 75.8% omitted species from Park Green Space and 81.8% omitted species from Residential Green Space had frequency of only 3.7%. Curves of omitted species number for different levels of frequency fitted Hyperb1 function, with R~2 above 0.95. As to another commonly adopted sampling method in herb investigation, by three 1 m × 1 m herb plots, 41.44% in Park Green Space and 49.58% in Residential Green Space were omitted, with level-A frequency species respectively accounted for 93.48% and 93.22% of the omitted species. For random samples method, the frequency distribution curves of omitted species fitted Logistic function, with R~2 above 0.94. Results and methods in this research would provide some theoretical reference for the determination and assessment of sampling methods in urban plant community survey.
引文
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[15]段彦博,雷雅凯,吴宝军,等.郑州市绿地系统生态服务价值评价及动态研究[J].生态科学,2016,35(2):81-88.
[16]QIU Tong,SONG Conghe,LI Junxiang.Impacts of Urbanization on Vegetation Phenology over the Past Three Decades in Shanghai,China[J].Remote Sensing,2017,9(9):970.
[17]姜俊,张春雨,赵秀海.吉林蛟河42 hm2针阔混交林样地植物种-面积关系[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(1):30-38.
[18]臧婧.河南宝天曼落叶阔叶林种-面积关系研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2015.
[19]邓宏兼,李卫忠,曹铸,等.基于不同取样尺度的油松针阔混交林物种多样性[J].浙江农林大学学报,2015,32(01):67-75.
[20]CAIN S A.The species-area curve[J].The American Midland,1938,19(3):53-58.
[21]张蕊,陈军强,侯亮宸,等.亚髙山草甸植物群落植物物种数与取样面积的关系[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(9):2268-2274.
[22]杨利民,韩梅,李建东.草地植物群落物种多样性取样强度的研究[J].生物多样性,1997,(3):9-13.
[23]任学敏,杨改河,王得祥,等.太白山几类植物群落灌木及草本层的最小取样面积研究[J].西北植物学报,2011,31(5):1024-1031.
[24]杨子松,黎云祥,刘伟,等.岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡植物群落种-面积曲线拟合及最小面积确定[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(3):227-230.
[2]苏健.园林植物的多样性在城市生态景观建设中的重要性[J].现代园艺,2016(12):146.
[3]CRANE P,KINZIG A.Nature in the metropolis[J].Science,2005,308(5726):1225.
[4]PICKETT S T A,CADENASSO M L,GROVE J M,et al.Beyond urban legends:an emerging framework of urban ecology,as illustrated by the Baltimore ecosystem study[J].Bioscience,2008,58(2):139-150.
[5]胡文芳.城市生物多样性保护规划编制研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.
[6]赵娟娟,欧阳志云,郑华,等.城市植物分层随机抽样调查方案设计的方法探讨[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(7):1430-1436.
[7]LOMOLINO M V.Ecology’s most general,yet protean pattern:the species-area relationship[J].Journal of Biogeography,2000,27(1):17-26.
[8]HOPKINS B.The concept of minimal area[J].Journal of Ecology,1957,45(2):441-449.
[9]FATTORINI S.To fit or not?A poorly fitting procedure produces inconsistent results when the species-area relationship is used to locate hotspots[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,2007,16(9):2531-2538.
[10]TITTENSOR D P,MICHELI F,NYSTROM M,et al.Human impacts on the species-area relationship in reef fish assemblages[J].Ecology Letters,2007,10(9):760-772.
[11]ZHAO Juanjuan,OUYANG Zhiyun,XU Weihua,et al.Sampling adequacy estimation for plant species composition by accumulation curves-a case study of urban vegetation in Beijing,China[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2010,95(3):113-121.
[12]许彬,张金屯,杨洪晓,等.百花山植物群落物种多样性研究[J].植物研究,2007,27(1):112-118.
[13]CONNOR E F,MCCOY E D.The statistics and biology of the species-area relationship[J].The American Naturalist,1979,113(6):791-833.
[14]冷平生.园林生态学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2011.
[15]段彦博,雷雅凯,吴宝军,等.郑州市绿地系统生态服务价值评价及动态研究[J].生态科学,2016,35(2):81-88.
[16]QIU Tong,SONG Conghe,LI Junxiang.Impacts of Urbanization on Vegetation Phenology over the Past Three Decades in Shanghai,China[J].Remote Sensing,2017,9(9):970.
[17]姜俊,张春雨,赵秀海.吉林蛟河42 hm2针阔混交林样地植物种-面积关系[J].植物生态学报,2012,36(1):30-38.
[18]臧婧.河南宝天曼落叶阔叶林种-面积关系研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2015.
[19]邓宏兼,李卫忠,曹铸,等.基于不同取样尺度的油松针阔混交林物种多样性[J].浙江农林大学学报,2015,32(01):67-75.
[20]CAIN S A.The species-area curve[J].The American Midland,1938,19(3):53-58.
[21]张蕊,陈军强,侯亮宸,等.亚髙山草甸植物群落植物物种数与取样面积的关系[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(9):2268-2274.
[22]杨利民,韩梅,李建东.草地植物群落物种多样性取样强度的研究[J].生物多样性,1997,(3):9-13.
[23]任学敏,杨改河,王得祥,等.太白山几类植物群落灌木及草本层的最小取样面积研究[J].西北植物学报,2011,31(5):1024-1031.
[24]杨子松,黎云祥,刘伟,等.岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡植物群落种-面积曲线拟合及最小面积确定[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(3):227-230.