生物质材料在三七土传病害防治中的应用
|
摘要
三七是我国特有的名贵中药材,其生长受到土传病害的影响,甚至可导致三七绝收.生物质材料在土壤病害微生物的防治中具有明显的应用价值,但目前较少应用于三七栽培.研究选用高温烘焙碳化制成的生物材料A和发酵腐熟制成的生物材料B为供试材料,通过三七大棚原位栽培试验,探究了生物质材料相对于对照(CK)和三元复合肥处理(F)在一年期三七种苗出苗、根腐病防治及存苗率方面的作用;并通过土壤理化性质与酶活性分析,解释生物质材料防控土传病害的机理.结果显示:未施用生物质材料的CK组和F处理组,在出苗后4个月全部死亡;施用不同生物质材料的处理FA、FB、AB、FAB,对降低三七根腐病的危害、提高三七出苗率和中后期存苗率具有明显的作用,相对于CK和F处理差异均达极显著水平(P<0.01);施用生物质材料提高了酸性土壤的p H值及其蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脱氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶活性(P<0.05),降低了土壤EC值及盐离子浓度影响(P<0.05);试验各处理对抑制三七根腐发病率的综合作用效果为FAB>AB>FA>FB>F>CK.
Panax notoginseng is a precious Chinese endemic herbal medicine. Its growth is affected by soilborne diseases and can even lead to serious death. Biomass materials have obvious values in the prevention and treatment of soil diseases, but it has seldom been applied to the cultivation of P. notoginseng. In order to study the mechanism of prevention and control of soil-borne diseases by biomass material, biomaterial A made from high temperature baking and biomaterial B from fermentation were selected as experimental materials; In situ cultivation experiment was carried out to investigate the relative effect of biomass material on control(CK) and three elements compound fertilizer treatment(F); Seedling emergence, root rot prevention and survival rate of seedlings were recorded; Physical-chemical properties and enzymatic activities of the soil were also analyzed. The results showed that P. notoginseng in CK and F treatment groups all died in 4 months without biomass material treatment. FA, FB, AB and FAB treatments with different biomass materials had significant effects on reducing the harm of root rot on P. notoginseng, increasing the emergence rate and survival rate of P. notoginseng in the middle and late growing stages, and the effects had very significant difference with CK and F treatments(P < 0.01).Biomass material application increased the pH, cellulase, protease, dehydrogenase, phosphatase, urease activity(P<0.05), decreased the EC value and the concentration of salt ions in soil(P <0.05). The comprehensive evaluation of each treatment on the the control of P. notoginseng soil borne diseases was FAB> AB> FA> FB> F> CK. A new method for the biological control of soil-borne disease of P. notoginseng is provided in this study.
Panax notoginseng is a precious Chinese endemic herbal medicine. Its growth is affected by soilborne diseases and can even lead to serious death. Biomass materials have obvious values in the prevention and treatment of soil diseases, but it has seldom been applied to the cultivation of P. notoginseng. In order to study the mechanism of prevention and control of soil-borne diseases by biomass material, biomaterial A made from high temperature baking and biomaterial B from fermentation were selected as experimental materials; In situ cultivation experiment was carried out to investigate the relative effect of biomass material on control(CK) and three elements compound fertilizer treatment(F); Seedling emergence, root rot prevention and survival rate of seedlings were recorded; Physical-chemical properties and enzymatic activities of the soil were also analyzed. The results showed that P. notoginseng in CK and F treatment groups all died in 4 months without biomass material treatment. FA, FB, AB and FAB treatments with different biomass materials had significant effects on reducing the harm of root rot on P. notoginseng, increasing the emergence rate and survival rate of P. notoginseng in the middle and late growing stages, and the effects had very significant difference with CK and F treatments(P < 0.01).Biomass material application increased the pH, cellulase, protease, dehydrogenase, phosphatase, urease activity(P<0.05), decreased the EC value and the concentration of salt ions in soil(P <0.05). The comprehensive evaluation of each treatment on the the control of P. notoginseng soil borne diseases was FAB> AB> FA> FB> F> CK. A new method for the biological control of soil-borne disease of P. notoginseng is provided in this study.
引文
[1]付丽娜,魏兰芳,王震铄,等.三七根际微生物群落组成及多样性研究[J].生物技术进展,2017(3):211-216.Fu L,Wei L,Wang Z S,et al.Study on composition and diversity of rhizospheric microbial community from Panax notoginseng[J].Current Biotechnology,2017(3):211-216.
[2]王勇,陈昱君,范昌,等.三七圆斑病发生与环境关系[J].中药材,2003(8):541-542.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-4454.2003.08.002.Wang Y,Chen Y J,Fan C,et al.The relationship between the occurrence of Panax notoginseng blotch disease and the environment[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,2003(8):541-542.
[3]官会林,陈昱君,刘士清,等.三七种植土壤微生物类群动态与根腐病的关系[J].西南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2006(5):706-709.Guan H L,Chen Y J,Liu S Q,et al.On the relationship between root rot in and soil microbes[J].Journal of Southwest Agricultural University:Natural Science,2006(5):706-709.
[4]王勇,陈昱君,冯光泉,等.三七根腐病与施肥关系试验研究[J].中药材,2007(9):1 063-1 065.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-4454.2007.09.004.Wang Y,Chen Y J,Feng G Q,et al.The relationship between the occurrence of Panax notoginseng root rot and fertilizer[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,2007(9):1 063-1 065.
[5]汪静,梁宗锁,康冰,等.文山三七根腐病病原真菌的鉴定与药剂防治[J].西北林学院学报,2015(1):158-163.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2015.01.26.Wang J,Liang Z S,Kang B,et al.Identification of Panax notoginseng root rot pathogen of from Wenshan[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2015(1):158-163.
[6]王勇,刘云芝,陈昱君.三七疫霉病发生相关因子调查[J].中药材,2007(2):134-136.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-4454.2007.02.005.Wang Y,Liu Y Z,Chen Y J.Investigation of related factors of Panax notoginseng phytophthora pestis[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,2007(2):134-136.
[7]Zhao J,Li Y L,Wang B Y,et al.Comparative soil microbial communities and activities in adjacent Sanqi ginseng monoculture and maize-Sanqi ginseng systems[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2017,120:89-96.DOI:10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.08.002.
[8]李程,李小平.生物质炭制备及不同施用量对土壤碳库和植物生长的影响[J].南方农业学报,2015(10):1 786-1 791.DOI:10.3969/j:issn.2095-1191.2015.10.1786.Li C,Li X P.Effect of biochar preparation and its application amount on soil carbon pool and plant growth[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2015(10):1 786-1 791.
[9]Ding Y,Liu Y G,Liu S B,et al.Potential benefits of biochar in agricultural soils:A review[J].Pedosphere,2017,27(4):645-661.DOI:10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60375-8.
[10]Sadaf J,Shah G A,Shahzad K,et al.Improvements in wheat productivity and soil quality can accomplish by co-application of biochars and chemical fertilizers[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,607-608:715-724.
[11]Asai H,Samson B K,Stephan H M,et al.Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos:1.Soil physical properties,leaf SPADand grain yield[J].Field Crops Research,2009,111(1):81-84.
[12]章家恩.生态学常用实验研究方法与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.Zhang J E.Common experimental research methods and techniques in ecology[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2006.
[13]Uchimiya M,Klasson K T,Wartelle L H,et al.Influence of soil properties on heavy metal sequestration by biochar amendment:1.Copper sorption isotherms and the release of cations[J].Chemosphere,2011,82(10):1 431-1 437.DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.050.
[14]Jeffery S,Fga V,van der Velde M,et al.A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2011,144(1):175-187.
[15]代钢.生物碳对土壤改良的研究进展[J].北京农业,2016(6):176-177.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6966.2016.06.129.Dai G.Research progress on soil improvement by biochar[J].Beijing Agriculture,2016(6):176-177.
[16]Lawrinenko M,Laird D A.Anion exchange capacity of biochar[J].Green Chemistry,2015,17(9):4 628-4 636.DOI:10.1039/C5GC00828J.
[17]黄代宽,李心清,董泽琴,等.生物炭的土壤环境效应及其重金属修复应用的研究进展[J].贵州农业科学,2014(11):159-165.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-3601.2014.11.041.Huang D K,Li X Q,Dong Z Q,et al.Soil environmental influence of biochar and its application in soil heavy metal restoration[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2014(11):159-165.
[18]Novak J M,Busscher W J,Laird D L,et al.Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a southeastern coastal plain soil[J].Soil Science,2009,174(2):105-112.DOI:10.1097/SS.0b013e3181981d9a.
[19]Anderson C R,Condron L M,Clough T J,et al.Biochar induced soil microbial community change:Implications for biogeochemical cycling of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus[J].Pedobiologia,2011,54(5):309-320.
[20]Steinbeiss S,Gleixner G,Antonietti M.Effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon balance and soil microbial activity[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(6):1 301-1 310.DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.03.016.
[21]Burns R G.Enzyme activity in soil:Location and a possible role in microbial ecology[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1982,14(5):423-427.DOI:10.1016/0038-0717(82)90099-2.
[22]侯艳伟,池海峰,毕丽君.生物炭施用对矿区污染农田土壤上油菜生长和重金属富集的影响[J].生态环境学报,2014(6):1 057-1 063.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2014.06.024.Huo Y W,Chi H F,Bi L J.Effects of biochar application on growth and typical metal accumulation of rape in mining contaminated soil[J].Ecology and Environment Sciences,2014(6):1 057-1 063.
[23]蒋恩臣,王秋静,秦丽元,等.柱状生物质炭基尿素的成型及性能研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2015(7):83-89.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9369.2015.07.013.Jiang E C,Wang Q J,Qin L Y,et al.Study on columnar urea based on biochar of molding characteristic[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2015(7):83-89.
[24]Balwant S,Bhupinderpal S,Annettel C.Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2010,48(6-7):516-525.
[25]王丽霞,邹长新,王燕,等.现代生态保护理念在生态保护中的应用[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017(10):865-871.DOI:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.10.001.Wang L X,Zou C X,Wang Y,et al.Modern ecological protection concept and its application to ecological protection[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017(10):865-871.
[26]Brussaard L,Pcde R,Brown G G.Brown,soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2007,121(3):233-244.
[27]孔露露,周启星.新制备生物炭的特性表征及其对石油烃污染土壤的吸附效果[J].环境工程学报,2015(5):2 462-2 468.Kong L L,Zhou Q X.Characterization of new-prepared biochars and their adsorption effectiveness on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015(5):2 462-2 468.
[2]王勇,陈昱君,范昌,等.三七圆斑病发生与环境关系[J].中药材,2003(8):541-542.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-4454.2003.08.002.Wang Y,Chen Y J,Fan C,et al.The relationship between the occurrence of Panax notoginseng blotch disease and the environment[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,2003(8):541-542.
[3]官会林,陈昱君,刘士清,等.三七种植土壤微生物类群动态与根腐病的关系[J].西南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2006(5):706-709.Guan H L,Chen Y J,Liu S Q,et al.On the relationship between root rot in and soil microbes[J].Journal of Southwest Agricultural University:Natural Science,2006(5):706-709.
[4]王勇,陈昱君,冯光泉,等.三七根腐病与施肥关系试验研究[J].中药材,2007(9):1 063-1 065.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-4454.2007.09.004.Wang Y,Chen Y J,Feng G Q,et al.The relationship between the occurrence of Panax notoginseng root rot and fertilizer[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,2007(9):1 063-1 065.
[5]汪静,梁宗锁,康冰,等.文山三七根腐病病原真菌的鉴定与药剂防治[J].西北林学院学报,2015(1):158-163.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2015.01.26.Wang J,Liang Z S,Kang B,et al.Identification of Panax notoginseng root rot pathogen of from Wenshan[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2015(1):158-163.
[6]王勇,刘云芝,陈昱君.三七疫霉病发生相关因子调查[J].中药材,2007(2):134-136.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-4454.2007.02.005.Wang Y,Liu Y Z,Chen Y J.Investigation of related factors of Panax notoginseng phytophthora pestis[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,2007(2):134-136.
[7]Zhao J,Li Y L,Wang B Y,et al.Comparative soil microbial communities and activities in adjacent Sanqi ginseng monoculture and maize-Sanqi ginseng systems[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2017,120:89-96.DOI:10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.08.002.
[8]李程,李小平.生物质炭制备及不同施用量对土壤碳库和植物生长的影响[J].南方农业学报,2015(10):1 786-1 791.DOI:10.3969/j:issn.2095-1191.2015.10.1786.Li C,Li X P.Effect of biochar preparation and its application amount on soil carbon pool and plant growth[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,2015(10):1 786-1 791.
[9]Ding Y,Liu Y G,Liu S B,et al.Potential benefits of biochar in agricultural soils:A review[J].Pedosphere,2017,27(4):645-661.DOI:10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60375-8.
[10]Sadaf J,Shah G A,Shahzad K,et al.Improvements in wheat productivity and soil quality can accomplish by co-application of biochars and chemical fertilizers[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,607-608:715-724.
[11]Asai H,Samson B K,Stephan H M,et al.Biochar amendment techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos:1.Soil physical properties,leaf SPADand grain yield[J].Field Crops Research,2009,111(1):81-84.
[12]章家恩.生态学常用实验研究方法与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.Zhang J E.Common experimental research methods and techniques in ecology[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2006.
[13]Uchimiya M,Klasson K T,Wartelle L H,et al.Influence of soil properties on heavy metal sequestration by biochar amendment:1.Copper sorption isotherms and the release of cations[J].Chemosphere,2011,82(10):1 431-1 437.DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.050.
[14]Jeffery S,Fga V,van der Velde M,et al.A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2011,144(1):175-187.
[15]代钢.生物碳对土壤改良的研究进展[J].北京农业,2016(6):176-177.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-6966.2016.06.129.Dai G.Research progress on soil improvement by biochar[J].Beijing Agriculture,2016(6):176-177.
[16]Lawrinenko M,Laird D A.Anion exchange capacity of biochar[J].Green Chemistry,2015,17(9):4 628-4 636.DOI:10.1039/C5GC00828J.
[17]黄代宽,李心清,董泽琴,等.生物炭的土壤环境效应及其重金属修复应用的研究进展[J].贵州农业科学,2014(11):159-165.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-3601.2014.11.041.Huang D K,Li X Q,Dong Z Q,et al.Soil environmental influence of biochar and its application in soil heavy metal restoration[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2014(11):159-165.
[18]Novak J M,Busscher W J,Laird D L,et al.Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a southeastern coastal plain soil[J].Soil Science,2009,174(2):105-112.DOI:10.1097/SS.0b013e3181981d9a.
[19]Anderson C R,Condron L M,Clough T J,et al.Biochar induced soil microbial community change:Implications for biogeochemical cycling of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus[J].Pedobiologia,2011,54(5):309-320.
[20]Steinbeiss S,Gleixner G,Antonietti M.Effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon balance and soil microbial activity[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(6):1 301-1 310.DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.03.016.
[21]Burns R G.Enzyme activity in soil:Location and a possible role in microbial ecology[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1982,14(5):423-427.DOI:10.1016/0038-0717(82)90099-2.
[22]侯艳伟,池海峰,毕丽君.生物炭施用对矿区污染农田土壤上油菜生长和重金属富集的影响[J].生态环境学报,2014(6):1 057-1 063.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2014.06.024.Huo Y W,Chi H F,Bi L J.Effects of biochar application on growth and typical metal accumulation of rape in mining contaminated soil[J].Ecology and Environment Sciences,2014(6):1 057-1 063.
[23]蒋恩臣,王秋静,秦丽元,等.柱状生物质炭基尿素的成型及性能研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2015(7):83-89.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9369.2015.07.013.Jiang E C,Wang Q J,Qin L Y,et al.Study on columnar urea based on biochar of molding characteristic[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2015(7):83-89.
[24]Balwant S,Bhupinderpal S,Annettel C.Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2010,48(6-7):516-525.
[25]王丽霞,邹长新,王燕,等.现代生态保护理念在生态保护中的应用[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017(10):865-871.DOI:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.10.001.Wang L X,Zou C X,Wang Y,et al.Modern ecological protection concept and its application to ecological protection[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017(10):865-871.
[26]Brussaard L,Pcde R,Brown G G.Brown,soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2007,121(3):233-244.
[27]孔露露,周启星.新制备生物炭的特性表征及其对石油烃污染土壤的吸附效果[J].环境工程学报,2015(5):2 462-2 468.Kong L L,Zhou Q X.Characterization of new-prepared biochars and their adsorption effectiveness on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015(5):2 462-2 468.