针对一种基于SM3算法的消息验证码的相关能量攻击（英文）
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摘要
基于哈希函数的消息验证码(HMAC)被广泛应用于身份认证和消息完整性领域。SM3函数作为中国的哈希函数在国内具有很高市场价值。基于SM3的HMAC(HMAC-SM3)侧信道安全性依旧处于被评估阶段,尤其在硬件实现下的侧信道安全性更具研究价值。在硬件实现下,存储在寄存器的中间值有明显的汉明距离泄漏。此外,SM3算法结构决定了HMAC-SM3侧信道分析难度。针对HMAC-SM3的硬件实现,提出一种技巧性的基于比特值的选择明文相关能量攻击策略。在一款现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)开发板上进行实际攻击实验。实验结果表明,利用所提选择明文攻击策略,可从2256的密钥猜测空间中恢复正确密钥。
Hash-based message authentication code(HMAC) is widely used in authentication and message integrity.As a Chinese hash algorithm, the SM3 algorithm is gradually winning domestic market value in China. The side channel security of HMAC based on SM3(HMAC-SM3) is still to be evaluated, especially in hardware implementation, where only intermediate values stored in registers have apparent Hamming distance leakage. In addition, the algorithm structure of SM3 determines the difficulty in HMAC-SM3 side channel analysis. In this paper, a skillful bit-wise chosen-plaintext correlation power attack procedure is proposed for HMAC-SM3 hardware implementation.Real attack experiments on a field programmable gate array(FPGA) board have been performed. Experimental results show that we can recover the key from the hypothesis space of 2~(256) based on the proposed procedure.
Hash-based message authentication code(HMAC) is widely used in authentication and message integrity.As a Chinese hash algorithm, the SM3 algorithm is gradually winning domestic market value in China. The side channel security of HMAC based on SM3(HMAC-SM3) is still to be evaluated, especially in hardware implementation, where only intermediate values stored in registers have apparent Hamming distance leakage. In addition, the algorithm structure of SM3 determines the difficulty in HMAC-SM3 side channel analysis. In this paper, a skillful bit-wise chosen-plaintext correlation power attack procedure is proposed for HMAC-SM3 hardware implementation.Real attack experiments on a field programmable gate array(FPGA) board have been performed. Experimental results show that we can recover the key from the hypothesis space of 2~(256) based on the proposed procedure.
引文
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Bellare M,Canetti R,Krawczyk H,1996.Keying hash functions for message authentication.Int Cryptology Conf on Advances in Cryptology,p.1-15.https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-68697-5_1
Brier E,Clavier C,Olivier F,2004.Correlation power analysis with a leakage model.In:Joye M,Quisquater JJ(Eds.),Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,p.16-29.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28632-5_2
Ding DW,Gao XW,2012.Design and implementation of SM3 algorithm on FPGA.Microcomp Appl,31(5):26-28(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-7720.2012.05.009
FIPS,2002.The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code(HMAC).Federal Information Processing Standards Publication,Gaithersburg,MD,USA.
Guo LM,Wang LH,Liu D,et al.,2015.A chosen-plaintext differential power analysis attack on HMAC-SM3.11th Int Conf on Computational Intelligence and Security,p.350-353.https://doi.org/10.1109/CIS.2015.91
Kocher P,Jaffe J,Jun B,1999.Differential power analysis.In:Wiener M(Ed.),Advances in Cryptology.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,p.388-397.https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48405-1_25
Liu ZB,Ma Y,Jing JW,et al.,2011.Implementation of SM3 HASH function on FPGA.Netinfo Secur,9:191-193,218(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2011.09.059
Ma Y,Xia LN,Lin JQ,et al.,2012.Hardware performance optimization and evaluation of SM3 hash algorithm on FPGA.14thInt Cryptology Conf on Information and Communications Security,p.105-118.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34129-8_10
McEvoy R,Tunstall M,Murphy CC,et al.,2007.Differential power analysis of HMAC based on SHA-2,and countermeasures.8thInt Conf on Information Security Applications,p.317-332.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77535-5_23
Menezes A,van Oorschot PC,Vanstone S,1996.Hash functions and data integrity.In:Handbook of Applied Cryptography.CRC Press,Boca Raton,USA,p.321-376.
Moradi A,Barenghi A,Kasper T,et al.,2011.On the vulnerability of FPGA bitstream encryption against power analysis attacks:extracting keys from Xilinx Virtex-IIFPGAs.Proc 18thACM Conf on Computer and Communications Security,p.111-124.https://doi.org/10.1145/2046707.2046722
Qu KG,An W,Wu LJ,et al.,2015.A novel masking scheme for SM3 based MAC.China Commun,12(6):12-21.https://doi.org/10.1109/CC.2015.7122475
SCA,2010.SM3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm.State Cryptography Administration of China(in Chinese).
Sun W,Liu JR,Gu DW,et al.,2015.Research on power analysis against software-based and hardware-based cryptographic circuits.Int Conf on Computer Science and Communication Engineering,p.1-8.
Tunstall M,Hanley N,McEvoy RP,et al.,2007.Correlation power analysis of large word sizes.IET Irish Signals and Systems Conf,p.13-14.
Wang XY,Yang XW,2012.Optimization design and implementation of SM3 algorithm based on FPGA.Comput Eng,38(6):244-246(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3428.2012.06.081
Bellare M,Canetti R,Krawczyk H,1996.Keying hash functions for message authentication.Int Cryptology Conf on Advances in Cryptology,p.1-15.https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-68697-5_1
Brier E,Clavier C,Olivier F,2004.Correlation power analysis with a leakage model.In:Joye M,Quisquater JJ(Eds.),Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,p.16-29.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28632-5_2
Ding DW,Gao XW,2012.Design and implementation of SM3 algorithm on FPGA.Microcomp Appl,31(5):26-28(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-7720.2012.05.009
FIPS,2002.The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code(HMAC).Federal Information Processing Standards Publication,Gaithersburg,MD,USA.
Guo LM,Wang LH,Liu D,et al.,2015.A chosen-plaintext differential power analysis attack on HMAC-SM3.11th Int Conf on Computational Intelligence and Security,p.350-353.https://doi.org/10.1109/CIS.2015.91
Kocher P,Jaffe J,Jun B,1999.Differential power analysis.In:Wiener M(Ed.),Advances in Cryptology.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,p.388-397.https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48405-1_25
Liu ZB,Ma Y,Jing JW,et al.,2011.Implementation of SM3 HASH function on FPGA.Netinfo Secur,9:191-193,218(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-1122.2011.09.059
Ma Y,Xia LN,Lin JQ,et al.,2012.Hardware performance optimization and evaluation of SM3 hash algorithm on FPGA.14thInt Cryptology Conf on Information and Communications Security,p.105-118.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34129-8_10
McEvoy R,Tunstall M,Murphy CC,et al.,2007.Differential power analysis of HMAC based on SHA-2,and countermeasures.8thInt Conf on Information Security Applications,p.317-332.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-77535-5_23
Menezes A,van Oorschot PC,Vanstone S,1996.Hash functions and data integrity.In:Handbook of Applied Cryptography.CRC Press,Boca Raton,USA,p.321-376.
Moradi A,Barenghi A,Kasper T,et al.,2011.On the vulnerability of FPGA bitstream encryption against power analysis attacks:extracting keys from Xilinx Virtex-IIFPGAs.Proc 18thACM Conf on Computer and Communications Security,p.111-124.https://doi.org/10.1145/2046707.2046722
Qu KG,An W,Wu LJ,et al.,2015.A novel masking scheme for SM3 based MAC.China Commun,12(6):12-21.https://doi.org/10.1109/CC.2015.7122475
SCA,2010.SM3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm.State Cryptography Administration of China(in Chinese).
Sun W,Liu JR,Gu DW,et al.,2015.Research on power analysis against software-based and hardware-based cryptographic circuits.Int Conf on Computer Science and Communication Engineering,p.1-8.
Tunstall M,Hanley N,McEvoy RP,et al.,2007.Correlation power analysis of large word sizes.IET Irish Signals and Systems Conf,p.13-14.
Wang XY,Yang XW,2012.Optimization design and implementation of SM3 algorithm based on FPGA.Comput Eng,38(6):244-246(in Chinese).https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3428.2012.06.081