风沙环境下混凝土路面受冲蚀形貌、损伤机理及工况预测
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摘要
为探究水泥混凝土路面长期遭受风沙环境下的冲蚀磨损损伤机理,根据中国西北地区风沙环境的特征,利用模拟风沙环境侵蚀试验系统研究水泥砂浆在风沙环境下的冲蚀磨损行为。通过冲蚀率来评价水泥砂浆受风沙冲蚀磨损程度,分析了不同冲蚀速度、不同冲蚀角度下水泥砂浆冲蚀率的变化规律;采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(LSCM)观测水泥砂浆受冲蚀损伤的表面微观形貌,研究水泥砂浆受冲蚀损伤机理;运用相似理论分析实际工况冲蚀时间和室内模拟冲蚀时间的对应转化关系。研究结果表明:冲蚀角度恒定时,冲蚀率随着冲蚀速度的增大而增大;下沙率恒定、冲蚀角度在30°~90°时,冲蚀率的增长比较明显,近似成正比例变化,90°时冲蚀率达到最大;冲蚀角度是影响冲蚀行为的重要因素,低角度冲蚀时水泥砂浆表现为塑性变形,主要由水平方向的沙粒切削作用导致变形,高角度冲蚀时水泥砂浆表现为脆性破坏,主要由沙粒垂直方向的冲击作用导致材料表面产生冲蚀坑;试验中下沙率越大,由计算结果推算的实际工况中冲蚀磨损时间越长;研究结果可为风沙环境下水泥混凝土路面受磨损损伤研究提供依据。
Based on the characteristics of sandstorm environment in the northwest of China,a simulated sandstorm experiment was conducted to investigate the erosion behavior of cement mortar and the erosive wear damage mechanism of concrete pavement under the environment of sandstorm.The erosion rate of cement mortar was used to evaluate the degree of erosive wear of cement mortar.The change law of erosion rates of cement mortar was analyzed from the different erosion velocity and angle.The surface microtopography of cement mortar was observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM),whilst the damage mechanism of cement mortar was investigated.The similarity theory was used to analyzethe corresponding transformation relationship between actual erosion time and erosion time simulated in laboratory.The results show that when the erosion angle is constant,the erosion rate increases with the increase of the velocity.When the erosion angle is in the range of 30°to90°,there is an obvious increase in the erosion rate with the constant sand flow rate.The erosion rate increases in proportion,and when erosion angle is 90°,the erosion rate reaches the peak.The erosion angle is the most important factor which influences the erosion behavior.The deformation of the cement mortar with low angle erosion is in the form of plastic deformation,mainly caused by the cutting action of sand along horizontal direction.However,the deformation of the cement mortar with high angle erosion is in the form of brittle damage.The erosion pits on the surface is mainly caused by the vertical impact of sand.The greater the sand flow rate in the experiment is,the longer the erosive wear time in actual conditions can be.The results provide the basis for the research on the wear and damage of cement concrete pavement in the sandstorm environment.
Based on the characteristics of sandstorm environment in the northwest of China,a simulated sandstorm experiment was conducted to investigate the erosion behavior of cement mortar and the erosive wear damage mechanism of concrete pavement under the environment of sandstorm.The erosion rate of cement mortar was used to evaluate the degree of erosive wear of cement mortar.The change law of erosion rates of cement mortar was analyzed from the different erosion velocity and angle.The surface microtopography of cement mortar was observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM),whilst the damage mechanism of cement mortar was investigated.The similarity theory was used to analyzethe corresponding transformation relationship between actual erosion time and erosion time simulated in laboratory.The results show that when the erosion angle is constant,the erosion rate increases with the increase of the velocity.When the erosion angle is in the range of 30°to90°,there is an obvious increase in the erosion rate with the constant sand flow rate.The erosion rate increases in proportion,and when erosion angle is 90°,the erosion rate reaches the peak.The erosion angle is the most important factor which influences the erosion behavior.The deformation of the cement mortar with low angle erosion is in the form of plastic deformation,mainly caused by the cutting action of sand along horizontal direction.However,the deformation of the cement mortar with high angle erosion is in the form of brittle damage.The erosion pits on the surface is mainly caused by the vertical impact of sand.The greater the sand flow rate in the experiment is,the longer the erosive wear time in actual conditions can be.The results provide the basis for the research on the wear and damage of cement concrete pavement in the sandstorm environment.
引文
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[18]矫梅燕,赵琳娜,卢晶晶,等.沙尘天气定量分级方法研究与应用[J].气候与环境研究,2007,12(3):350-356.JIAO Mei-Yan,ZHAO Lin-na,LU Jing-jing,et al.Quantitative Classification of Northeast Asian Dust Weather and Its Applications[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2007,12(3):350-356.
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[21]赵琳娜,孙建华,赵思雄.2002年3月20日沙尘暴天气的影响系统、起沙和输送的数值模拟[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(增):72-80.ZHAO Lin-na,SUN Jian-hua,ZHAO Si-xiong.Numerical Simulation of Synoptic Background,Sources,Emissions and Transport of Dust Storms During 20Mar,2002in China[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2004,18(S):72-80.
[22]郝贠洪,冯玉江,段国龙,等.风沙环境下钢结构涂层的冲蚀摩擦学性能[J].北京工业大学学报,2015,41(4):558-565.HAO Yun-hong,FENG Yu-jiang,DUAN Guo-long,et al.Erosion Tribological Performance of Steelstructure Coating in Sandstorm[J]Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2015,41(4):558-565.
[23]张天军,韩江水,屈钧利.实验力学[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,2008.ZHANG Tian-jun,HAN Jiang-shui,QU Jun-li.Experimental Mechanics[M].Xi’an:Northwestern Polytechnic University Press,2008.
[2]刘景涛,郑明倩.内蒙古中西部强和特强沙尘暴的气候学特征[J].高原气象,2003,22(1):51-56.LIU Jing-tao,ZHENG Ming-qian.Climatic Characteristics of Strong and Very Strong Sandstorms in the Middle and West Parts of Inner Mongolia[J].Plateau Meteorology,2003,22(1):51-56.
[3]洪锦祥,缪昌文,黄卫,等.考虑冻融损伤效应的水泥混凝土路面设计方法[J].中国公路学报,2012,25(5):13-17.HONG Jin-xiang,MIAO Chang-wen,HUANG Wei,et al.Design Method for Cement Concrete Pavement Considering Freeze-thaw Damage Effect[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2012,25(5):13-17.
[4]雷茂锦,王秉纲,戴经梁.水泥混凝土路的评价方法[J].中国公路学报,1991,4(2):42-49.LEI Mao-jing,WANG Bing-gang,DAI Jing-liang.Evaluation Methodology of Concrete Pavement[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,1991,4(2):42-49.
[5]袁春毅,申爱琴,韩继国,等.磨细矿渣高性能路面混凝土的耐久性[J].中国公路学报,2007,20(5):24-29.YUAN Chun-yi,SHEN Ai-qin,HAN Ji-guo,et al.Durability of High Performance Pavement Concrete with Fine Slag[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2007,20(5):24-29.
[6]李驰,高瑜.沙漠公路风沙土路基风蚀破坏试验研究[J].岩土力学,2011,32(1):33-38.LI Chi,GAO Yu.Experimental Erosion Failure of Aeolian Soils Subgrade for Desert Highway[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(1):33-38.
[7]陆显中.公路水泥混凝土路面耐磨损技术分析研究[J].中外建筑,2008(7):193-194.LU Xian-zhong.Highway Cement Surface Wear Ability Technology Analysis Research[J].Chinese and Overseas Architecture,2008(7):193-194.
[8]尹延国,胡献国,崔德密,等.水工混凝土小角度冲蚀磨损特性的研究[J].摩擦学学报,2001,21(2):126-130.YIN Yan-guo,HU Xian-guo,CUI De-mi,et al.Wear Behaviors of Hydraulic Concrete Impacted by Water Jet with Sand at Little Angle[J].Tribology,2001,21(2):126-130.
[9]陈洪凯,唐红梅.泥石流两相冲击力及冲击时间计算方法[J].中国公路学报,2006,19(3):19-23.CHEN Hong-kai,TANG Hong-mei.Method to Calculate Impact Force and Impact Time of Two Phase Debris Flow[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2006,19(3):19-23.
[10]郝贠洪,任莹,段国龙,等.钢结构表面涂层受风沙冲蚀机理和评价方法[J].摩擦学学报,2014,34(4):354-363.HAO Yun-hong,REN Ying,DUAN Guo-long,et al.Erosion Mechanism and Evaluation of Steel Structure Coating Eroded Under Sandstorm Environment[J].Tribology,2014,34(4):354-363.
[11]王彦平,局春常,王起才.风沙环境下混凝土、砂浆和水泥石的固体颗粒冲蚀磨损试验研究[J].中国铁道科学,2013,34(5):1740-1746.WANG Yan-pin,JU Chun-chang,WANG Qi-cai.Experimental Study on the Solid Particle Erosion of Concrete,Mortar and Cement Paste Under Blown Sand Environment[J].China Railway Science,2013,34(5):1740-1746.
[12]GRAHAM J R,CREEGAN P J,HAMILTON W S,et al.Erosion of Concrete in Hydraulic Structures[J].ACI Materials Journal,1987,84(2):136-157.
[13]MOMBER A W.Short-time Cavitation Erosion of Concrete[J].Wear,2000,241(1):47-52.
[14]HORSZCZARUK E.Abrasion Resistance of Highperformance Hydraulic Concrete with Polypropylene Fibers[J].Tribologia,2012,264(1):63-72.
[15]SHIPWAY P H.HUTCHINGS I M.A Method for Optimizing the Particle Flux in Erosion Testing with a Gas-blast Apparatus[J].Wear,1994,174(1/2):169-175.
[16]GORETTA K C,GUTIERREZ-MORA F,CHEN A N,et al.Solid-particle Erosion and Strength Degradation of Si3N4/BN Fibrous Monolith[J].Wear,2004,256(3):233-242.
[17]FINNIE I.On the Velocity Dependence of the Erosion of Ductile Metals by Solid Particles at Low Angles of Incidence[J].Wear,1978,48(1):181-190.
[18]矫梅燕,赵琳娜,卢晶晶,等.沙尘天气定量分级方法研究与应用[J].气候与环境研究,2007,12(3):350-356.JIAO Mei-Yan,ZHAO Lin-na,LU Jing-jing,et al.Quantitative Classification of Northeast Asian Dust Weather and Its Applications[J].Climatic and Environmental Research,2007,12(3):350-356.
[19]冯鑫媛,王式功,程一帆,等.中国北方中西部沙尘暴气候特征[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(2):394-399.FENG Xin-yuan,WANG Shi-gong,CHENG Yi-fan,et al.Climatic Characteristics of Dust Storms in the Middle and West of Northern China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(2):394-399.
[20]刘景涛,钱正安,姜学恭,等.中国北方特强沙尘暴的天气系统分型研究[J].高原气象,2004,23(4):540-547.LIU Jing-tao,QIAN Zheng-an,JIANG Xue-gong,et al.A Study on Weather Types of Super Severe Dust Storms in North China[J].Plateau Meteorology,2004,23(4):540-547.
[21]赵琳娜,孙建华,赵思雄.2002年3月20日沙尘暴天气的影响系统、起沙和输送的数值模拟[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(增):72-80.ZHAO Lin-na,SUN Jian-hua,ZHAO Si-xiong.Numerical Simulation of Synoptic Background,Sources,Emissions and Transport of Dust Storms During 20Mar,2002in China[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2004,18(S):72-80.
[22]郝贠洪,冯玉江,段国龙,等.风沙环境下钢结构涂层的冲蚀摩擦学性能[J].北京工业大学学报,2015,41(4):558-565.HAO Yun-hong,FENG Yu-jiang,DUAN Guo-long,et al.Erosion Tribological Performance of Steelstructure Coating in Sandstorm[J]Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2015,41(4):558-565.
[23]张天军,韩江水,屈钧利.实验力学[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,2008.ZHANG Tian-jun,HAN Jiang-shui,QU Jun-li.Experimental Mechanics[M].Xi’an:Northwestern Polytechnic University Press,2008.