西安北郊草店村河漫滩沉积与洪水变化
|
摘要
根据野外考察、粒度分析及历史文献资料,研究了西安北郊草店村剖面在距今900~660 a形成的渭河漫滩沉积和洪水变化。结果表明,在距今900~660 a形成的草店村剖面洪水沉积分层明显,能够指示洪水事件和洪水深度。草店村剖面洪水沉积厚度为5.25 m,可划分为26个沉积层,指示了26次规模不同的洪水事件。洪水沉积厚度和粒度成分显示,草店村剖面的26个洪水事件发生时河漫滩上的洪水深度均大于2.2m;剖面下部第17~第26层沉积时漫滩上的洪水深度为4.0~7.0 m,河床水深为6.2~8.5 m;中部第8~第16层沉积时漫滩上的洪水深度为3.0~5.0 m,河床水深为6.6~9.0 m左右;上部第1~第7层沉积时漫滩上的洪水深度为2.2~3.0 m,河床水深为7.2~8.6 m。草店村剖面中部和下部的洪水沉积以中砂和细砂为主,剖面上部以粉砂和极细砂为主,指示的洪水规模比距今120 a来西安渭河洪水显著大。草店村剖面中的第12、16~26层代表的是特大洪水事件。西安北郊渭河在距今900~660 a发生的大洪水主要是由当年降水量的明显增加引起的。
Objectives:The purpose of the study is to reveal the scale and the depth of floods in historical periods,so that to provide a scientific basis for the prediction of flood scale and toreduce the losses caused by flood disasters. Methods:Methods used in the study are field investigation,grain-sizedistribution analyses and compilation of historical data. Results:The flood deposition of the study section,lying in Caodian Village at northern suburb of Xi’an,was formed during 900 to 600 years ago.It is 5.25 meters thick and can be divided into 26 layers.It has a significant reflection and resolution on the occurrence of floods and short-term change of precipitation,andan indication of the frequency and depth of floods.There are some special characteristics of the floodplain sediments in this section,including coarse grain composition,high content of medium sand and fine sand,and less content of clay and silt.The content of colloidal particles(<0.002mm)ranges from 1.15%to 8.03%with an average of 3.33%.The average content of clay particles(0.002~0.005mm)is 4.29%,ranging from 2.12%to 8.61%.The fine silt(0.005~0.01mm)content ranges from2.52%to 11.14%,with an average content of 4.85%.Coarse silt(0.01~0.05mm)has a high content but great rangefrom9.89%to 62.33%,with an average of 22.14%.There is a certain amount of very fine sand(0.05~0.10 mm)in each layer,ranging from2.19%to 30.88%with an average content of 9.32%.The content of fine sand(0.10~0.25mm)ranges greatlyfrom0.52%~37.08%,with an average content of 19.46%.The content of medium sand(0.25~0.50 mm)is high but,again,ranges greatly from 0 to 46.64%with the average 27.07%.The content of coarse sand(0.50~2.00 mm)changes rapidly from 0 to 26.11%,with an average content of 8.67%.The content of gravel(>2.00 mm)is very small in the whole profile,and only appears in the 18th,19th,22nd,23rd,24th and 26th layers.And they display a maximum content of 0.30%and with an average of 0.03%. Conclusions:The sediment records 26 flood events on Weihe River in the northern suburb of Xi’an between900 and 660 years ago.According to the thickness and grain-size distribution of flood sediment,the flood depth over the floodplain and the river bed was about 4~7 m and 6.2~8.5 m respectivelywhen the 17th~28th layers formed.When the 8th~16th layers occurred,the flood depth over the floodplain and the river bed were 3~5m and6.6~9.0mrespectively.When the 1st~7th layers occurred,the flood depth over the floodplain and the river bed was 2.2~3.0m and 7.2~8.6mrespectively.And it indicates that the floodof WeiheRiver at that time in the study area was significantly greater than it was in recent 120a.Among the layers,the 12th and 16th~28th layers represented extraordinary flood events.And fundamentally,between 900 and 660 years ago,the great flood occurring at WeiheRiver in the northern suburb of Xi’an mainly resulted from a significant increase in precipitation.After a full considerationof the grain-size distributiondue to the increase floodplain topography and the variation of deposit thickness,the order of the flood depth and scale of the riverbed flood in the 26 flood events of the section can be determined as follows:the 17th flood>the 19th flood>the 18th flood>the 12th flood>the10th flood>the 16th flood>the 23th flood>the 14th flood>the 15th flood>the 21th flood>the 20th flood>the22th flood>the 25th flood>the 26th flood>the 24th flood the>9th flood>the 8th flood>the 11th flood>the13th flood>the 2nd flood>the 4th flood>the 3rd flood>the 1st flood>the 7th flood>the 5th flood>the 6th flood.
Objectives:The purpose of the study is to reveal the scale and the depth of floods in historical periods,so that to provide a scientific basis for the prediction of flood scale and toreduce the losses caused by flood disasters. Methods:Methods used in the study are field investigation,grain-sizedistribution analyses and compilation of historical data. Results:The flood deposition of the study section,lying in Caodian Village at northern suburb of Xi’an,was formed during 900 to 600 years ago.It is 5.25 meters thick and can be divided into 26 layers.It has a significant reflection and resolution on the occurrence of floods and short-term change of precipitation,andan indication of the frequency and depth of floods.There are some special characteristics of the floodplain sediments in this section,including coarse grain composition,high content of medium sand and fine sand,and less content of clay and silt.The content of colloidal particles(<0.002mm)ranges from 1.15%to 8.03%with an average of 3.33%.The average content of clay particles(0.002~0.005mm)is 4.29%,ranging from 2.12%to 8.61%.The fine silt(0.005~0.01mm)content ranges from2.52%to 11.14%,with an average content of 4.85%.Coarse silt(0.01~0.05mm)has a high content but great rangefrom9.89%to 62.33%,with an average of 22.14%.There is a certain amount of very fine sand(0.05~0.10 mm)in each layer,ranging from2.19%to 30.88%with an average content of 9.32%.The content of fine sand(0.10~0.25mm)ranges greatlyfrom0.52%~37.08%,with an average content of 19.46%.The content of medium sand(0.25~0.50 mm)is high but,again,ranges greatly from 0 to 46.64%with the average 27.07%.The content of coarse sand(0.50~2.00 mm)changes rapidly from 0 to 26.11%,with an average content of 8.67%.The content of gravel(>2.00 mm)is very small in the whole profile,and only appears in the 18th,19th,22nd,23rd,24th and 26th layers.And they display a maximum content of 0.30%and with an average of 0.03%. Conclusions:The sediment records 26 flood events on Weihe River in the northern suburb of Xi’an between900 and 660 years ago.According to the thickness and grain-size distribution of flood sediment,the flood depth over the floodplain and the river bed was about 4~7 m and 6.2~8.5 m respectivelywhen the 17th~28th layers formed.When the 8th~16th layers occurred,the flood depth over the floodplain and the river bed were 3~5m and6.6~9.0mrespectively.When the 1st~7th layers occurred,the flood depth over the floodplain and the river bed was 2.2~3.0m and 7.2~8.6mrespectively.And it indicates that the floodof WeiheRiver at that time in the study area was significantly greater than it was in recent 120a.Among the layers,the 12th and 16th~28th layers represented extraordinary flood events.And fundamentally,between 900 and 660 years ago,the great flood occurring at WeiheRiver in the northern suburb of Xi’an mainly resulted from a significant increase in precipitation.After a full considerationof the grain-size distributiondue to the increase floodplain topography and the variation of deposit thickness,the order of the flood depth and scale of the riverbed flood in the 26 flood events of the section can be determined as follows:the 17th flood>the 19th flood>the 18th flood>the 12th flood>the10th flood>the 16th flood>the 23th flood>the 14th flood>the 15th flood>the 21th flood>the 20th flood>the22th flood>the 25th flood>the 26th flood>the 24th flood the>9th flood>the 8th flood>the 11th flood>the13th flood>the 2nd flood>the 4th flood>the 3rd flood>the 1st flood>the 7th flood>the 5th flood>the 6th flood.
引文
高陵县地方志编纂委员会.2000.高陵县志.西安:陕西人民出版社,12~36.
葛兆帅,杨达源,李徐生,任朝霞.2004.晚更新世晚期以来的长江上游古洪水记录.第四纪研究,24(5):555~560.
顾效源,鲁青原,叶思源,赵广明,丁喜桂,袁红明,杨士雄,何磊,王锦.2016.黄河三角洲进积与滨海湿地地质环境演替模式.地质论评,62(3):682~692.
洪婷,白世彪,王建.2014.树轮地貌学重建滑坡事件研究进展.地质论评,60(3):635~645.
孔凡翠,杨瑞东,沙占江.2013.贵州草海赵家院子晚更新世泥炭层地球化学特征及其环境意义.地质论评,59(4):716~730.
李键超.1980.一千五百年来渭河中下游的变迁.西北历史资料,(3):68~78.
李令福.1999.从汉唐渭河三桥的位置来看西安附近渭河的侧蚀.中国历史地理论丛,14(增刊):260~283.
李长安,黄俊华,张玉芬,郭广猛.2002.黄河上游末次冰盛期古洪水事件的初步研究.地球科学,27(4):456~458.
庞奖励,黄春长,周亚利,查小春,乔晶,张玉柱,周亮.2014.汉江上游Ⅰ级河流阶地形成及对东亚季风变化的响应.地质论评,60(5):1076~1084.
陕西师范大学地理系.1987.西安市地理志.西安:陕西人民出版社,90~126.
史念海.1999.黄河流域诸河流的演变与治理.西安:陕西人民出版社,315~320.
王启栋,宋金明,李学刚,袁华茂,李宁,曹磊.2014.黄河口新生湿地沉积物放射性核素及其对沉积过程变化指示作用解析.地质论评,60(4):755~764.
谢又予.2000.沉积地貌分析.北京:海洋出版社,3~4.
辛鹏,吴树仁,石菊松,王涛,石玲.2015.降雨诱发浅层黄土泥流的研究进展、存在问题与对策思考.地质论评,61(3):485~493.
邢大韦,张玉芳,粟晓玲.2004.对2003年陕西渭河洪水的思考.水利与建筑工程学报,2(1):1~4.
颜艳,岳大鹏,李奎,刘鹏.2014.1953~2010年黄土洼天然淤地坝内洪水沉积物粒度旋回特征.水土保持通报,34(6):349~354.
袁林.1994.西北灾荒史.兰州:甘肃人民出版社,102~106.
查小春,黄春长,庞奖励.2007.关中西部漆水河全新世特大洪水与环境演变.地理学报,62(3):291~300.
张灿,周爱锋,张晓楠,吴铎,郝盛吞.2015.湖泊沉积记录的古洪水事件识别及与气候关系.地理科学进展,34(7):888~908.
赵景波,蔡晓薇,王常燕.2007.西安高陵渭河近120年来的洪水演变.地理科学,27,(2):225~230.
赵景波,罗小庆,刘瑞,陈宝群,岳应利.2015.关中平原黄土中第1层古土壤发育时的土壤水分研究.地质学报,89(12):2389~2399.
朱诚,于世永,卢春成.1997.三峡及江汉平原地区全新世环境考古与异常洪水灾害研究.地理学报,52(3):268~278.
Gaoling County Chorography Compilation Committee.2000#.Chorography Geography Records of Gaoling County.Xi’an:Shaanxi People Publishing House,12~36.
Ge Zhaoshuai,Yang Dayuan,Li Xusheng,Rene Zhaoxia.2004&.Paleoflooding record along the up-reaches of the Changjiang River since the Late Pleistocene epoch.Quaternary Sciences,24(5):555~560.
Gerardo Benito,Mark G Macklin,Christoph Zielhofer,Anna F Jones,Maria J Machado.2015.Holocene flooding and climate change in the Mediterranean.Catena,130:13~33.
Gu Xiaoyuan,Lu Qingyuan,Ye Siyuan,Zhao Guangming,Ding Xigui,Yuan Hongming,Yang Shixiong,He Lei,Wang Jin.2016&.Deltaic progradation and geo-envrionmental succesion of coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Delta.Geological Review,62(3):682~692.
Hong Ting,Bai Shibiao,Wang Jian.2014&.A review on study of landslide activities using dendrogeomorphological Methods.Geological Review,60(3):635~645.
Jenny J P,Wilhelm B,Arnaud F,Sabatier P,Covex C G,Melo A,Fanget B,Malet E,Ployon E,Perga M E.2014.A 4Dsedimentological approach to reconstructing the flood frequency and intensity of the Rh8ne River(Lake Bourget,NW European Alps).Journal of Paleolimnology,51(4):469~48.
Knox J C.1994.Large increases in flood magnitude in response to modest changes in climate.Nature,361:410~437.
Kong Fancui1,Yang Ruidong,Sha Zhanjiang.2013&.Geochemical characteristics and sedimentary environment of the epipleistocene peat on Zhaojiayuanzi sediment column in Caohai Basin,Guizhou Province.Geological Review,59(4):716~730.
Li Changan,Huang Junhua,Zhang Yufen,Guo Guangmeng.2002&.Preliminary study of paleoflood of last glacial maximum in upper reaches of the Yellow River.Earth Science---Journal of China University of Geology,27(4):456~458.
Li Jianchao.1980#.Changes in the middle and lower reaches of Weihe River in the one thousand and five hundred years.Northwest history research,(3):68~78.
Li Lingfu.1999#.Side erosion in Weihe River On the basis of three bridges of Han-Tang Dynasty.Journal of Chinese historical geography,14(supplementary issue):260~283.
Macklin M G,Benito G,Gregory K J,Johnstone E,Lewin J,Michczyn'Ska D J,Soja R,Starkel L,Thorndycraft V R.2006.Past hydrological events reflected in the Holocene fluvial record of Europe.Catena,66:145~154.
Pang Jiangli,Huang Chunchang,Zhou Yali,Zha Xiaochun,Qiao Jing,Zhang Yuzhu,Zhou Liang.2014&.Formation of the first river terraces of Hanjiang River and its response to the East Asian monsoon change.Geological Review,60(5):1076~1084.
Piotr Gebica,Andrij Jacyszyn,Marek Krapiec,Anna Budek,Natalia Czumak,Leszek Starkel,Wiaczeskaw Andrejczuk,Bogdan Ridush.2016.Stratigraphy of alluvia and phases of the Holocene floods in the valleys of the Eastern Carpathians foreland.Quaternary International,415:55~66.
Records of Xi’an Geography.1987#.Xi’an:Shaanxi people's Publishing House.90~126.
Sandra Raúl Sitoe,Jan Risberg,Elin Norstr9m,Ian Snowball,Karin Holmgren,Mussa Achimo,Jo2o Mugabe.2015.Paleo-environment and flooding of the Limpopo River-plain,Mozambique,between c.A D 1200~2000.Catena,126:105~116.
Schillereff D N,Chiverrell R C,Macdonald N,Hooke J M.2014.Flood stratigraphies in lake sediments:a review.Earth-Science Reviews,135:17~37.
Shi Nianhai.1999#.The evolution and control of the rivers in the Yellow River basin.Xi’an:Shaanxi People Publishing House.315~320.
Starkel L,Soja R,Michczyn D J.2006.Past hydrological events reflected in the Holocene history of Polish rivers.Catena,66:24~33.
Wang Qidong,Song Jinming,Li Xuegang,Yuan Huamao,Li Ning,Cao Lei.2014&.Radionuclides in the sediments of the newly formed wetlands of Yellow River estuary and its indication to environmental change.Geological Review,60(4):755~764.
Wirth S B,Glur L,Gilli A,Anselmetti F S.2013.Holocene flood frequency across the Central Alps:solar forcing and evidence for variations in North Atlantic atmospheric circulation.Quaternary Science Reviews,80:112~128.
Xie Youyu.2000#.Sediment Geoporphology Study.Ocean Publishiing House.3~4.
Xin Peng,Wu Shuren,Shi Jusong,Wang Tao,Shi Ling.2015&.Comment on the Progress in,Problems and Countermeasure on Mudflow Induced by rainfall.Geological Review,61(3):485~493.
Xing Dawei,Zhang Yufang,Su Xiaoling.2004&.Thought about flood of Weihe River in Shaanxi in 2003.Journal of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering,2(1):1~4.
Yan Yan,Yue Dapeng,Li Kui,Liu Peng.2014&.Grain size cycle characteristics of flood sediments at loess depression check dam during 1953~2010.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,34(6):349~354.
Yuan Lin.1994#.The famine history in northwestern Region.Lanzhou:Gansu People Publishing House.102~106.
Zha Xiaochun,Huang Chunchang,Pang Jiangli.2007&.Acta Geographica Sinica,62(3):291~300.
Zhang Can,Zhou Aifeng,Zhang Xiaonan,Wu Duo,HaoS hengtun.2015&.Identification of paleaoflood events by lacustrine archives and their links to climatic conditions.Progress in Geography,34(7):888~908.
Zhao Jingbo,Luo Xiaoqing,Liu Riu,Chen Baoqun,YueY ingli.2015&.Research in soil moisture during development of S1palaeosol in Guanzhong Plain.2015.Acta Geologica Sinica,89(12):2389~2399.
Zhu Cheng,Zhong Yishun,Zheng Chaogui.1997&.Relationship of archaeological sites distribution and environment from the paleolithic age to the Wrring States Time in Hubei Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,52(3):268~278.
葛兆帅,杨达源,李徐生,任朝霞.2004.晚更新世晚期以来的长江上游古洪水记录.第四纪研究,24(5):555~560.
顾效源,鲁青原,叶思源,赵广明,丁喜桂,袁红明,杨士雄,何磊,王锦.2016.黄河三角洲进积与滨海湿地地质环境演替模式.地质论评,62(3):682~692.
洪婷,白世彪,王建.2014.树轮地貌学重建滑坡事件研究进展.地质论评,60(3):635~645.
孔凡翠,杨瑞东,沙占江.2013.贵州草海赵家院子晚更新世泥炭层地球化学特征及其环境意义.地质论评,59(4):716~730.
李键超.1980.一千五百年来渭河中下游的变迁.西北历史资料,(3):68~78.
李令福.1999.从汉唐渭河三桥的位置来看西安附近渭河的侧蚀.中国历史地理论丛,14(增刊):260~283.
李长安,黄俊华,张玉芬,郭广猛.2002.黄河上游末次冰盛期古洪水事件的初步研究.地球科学,27(4):456~458.
庞奖励,黄春长,周亚利,查小春,乔晶,张玉柱,周亮.2014.汉江上游Ⅰ级河流阶地形成及对东亚季风变化的响应.地质论评,60(5):1076~1084.
陕西师范大学地理系.1987.西安市地理志.西安:陕西人民出版社,90~126.
史念海.1999.黄河流域诸河流的演变与治理.西安:陕西人民出版社,315~320.
王启栋,宋金明,李学刚,袁华茂,李宁,曹磊.2014.黄河口新生湿地沉积物放射性核素及其对沉积过程变化指示作用解析.地质论评,60(4):755~764.
谢又予.2000.沉积地貌分析.北京:海洋出版社,3~4.
辛鹏,吴树仁,石菊松,王涛,石玲.2015.降雨诱发浅层黄土泥流的研究进展、存在问题与对策思考.地质论评,61(3):485~493.
邢大韦,张玉芳,粟晓玲.2004.对2003年陕西渭河洪水的思考.水利与建筑工程学报,2(1):1~4.
颜艳,岳大鹏,李奎,刘鹏.2014.1953~2010年黄土洼天然淤地坝内洪水沉积物粒度旋回特征.水土保持通报,34(6):349~354.
袁林.1994.西北灾荒史.兰州:甘肃人民出版社,102~106.
查小春,黄春长,庞奖励.2007.关中西部漆水河全新世特大洪水与环境演变.地理学报,62(3):291~300.
张灿,周爱锋,张晓楠,吴铎,郝盛吞.2015.湖泊沉积记录的古洪水事件识别及与气候关系.地理科学进展,34(7):888~908.
赵景波,蔡晓薇,王常燕.2007.西安高陵渭河近120年来的洪水演变.地理科学,27,(2):225~230.
赵景波,罗小庆,刘瑞,陈宝群,岳应利.2015.关中平原黄土中第1层古土壤发育时的土壤水分研究.地质学报,89(12):2389~2399.
朱诚,于世永,卢春成.1997.三峡及江汉平原地区全新世环境考古与异常洪水灾害研究.地理学报,52(3):268~278.
Gaoling County Chorography Compilation Committee.2000#.Chorography Geography Records of Gaoling County.Xi’an:Shaanxi People Publishing House,12~36.
Ge Zhaoshuai,Yang Dayuan,Li Xusheng,Rene Zhaoxia.2004&.Paleoflooding record along the up-reaches of the Changjiang River since the Late Pleistocene epoch.Quaternary Sciences,24(5):555~560.
Gerardo Benito,Mark G Macklin,Christoph Zielhofer,Anna F Jones,Maria J Machado.2015.Holocene flooding and climate change in the Mediterranean.Catena,130:13~33.
Gu Xiaoyuan,Lu Qingyuan,Ye Siyuan,Zhao Guangming,Ding Xigui,Yuan Hongming,Yang Shixiong,He Lei,Wang Jin.2016&.Deltaic progradation and geo-envrionmental succesion of coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Delta.Geological Review,62(3):682~692.
Hong Ting,Bai Shibiao,Wang Jian.2014&.A review on study of landslide activities using dendrogeomorphological Methods.Geological Review,60(3):635~645.
Jenny J P,Wilhelm B,Arnaud F,Sabatier P,Covex C G,Melo A,Fanget B,Malet E,Ployon E,Perga M E.2014.A 4Dsedimentological approach to reconstructing the flood frequency and intensity of the Rh8ne River(Lake Bourget,NW European Alps).Journal of Paleolimnology,51(4):469~48.
Knox J C.1994.Large increases in flood magnitude in response to modest changes in climate.Nature,361:410~437.
Kong Fancui1,Yang Ruidong,Sha Zhanjiang.2013&.Geochemical characteristics and sedimentary environment of the epipleistocene peat on Zhaojiayuanzi sediment column in Caohai Basin,Guizhou Province.Geological Review,59(4):716~730.
Li Changan,Huang Junhua,Zhang Yufen,Guo Guangmeng.2002&.Preliminary study of paleoflood of last glacial maximum in upper reaches of the Yellow River.Earth Science---Journal of China University of Geology,27(4):456~458.
Li Jianchao.1980#.Changes in the middle and lower reaches of Weihe River in the one thousand and five hundred years.Northwest history research,(3):68~78.
Li Lingfu.1999#.Side erosion in Weihe River On the basis of three bridges of Han-Tang Dynasty.Journal of Chinese historical geography,14(supplementary issue):260~283.
Macklin M G,Benito G,Gregory K J,Johnstone E,Lewin J,Michczyn'Ska D J,Soja R,Starkel L,Thorndycraft V R.2006.Past hydrological events reflected in the Holocene fluvial record of Europe.Catena,66:145~154.
Pang Jiangli,Huang Chunchang,Zhou Yali,Zha Xiaochun,Qiao Jing,Zhang Yuzhu,Zhou Liang.2014&.Formation of the first river terraces of Hanjiang River and its response to the East Asian monsoon change.Geological Review,60(5):1076~1084.
Piotr Gebica,Andrij Jacyszyn,Marek Krapiec,Anna Budek,Natalia Czumak,Leszek Starkel,Wiaczeskaw Andrejczuk,Bogdan Ridush.2016.Stratigraphy of alluvia and phases of the Holocene floods in the valleys of the Eastern Carpathians foreland.Quaternary International,415:55~66.
Records of Xi’an Geography.1987#.Xi’an:Shaanxi people's Publishing House.90~126.
Sandra Raúl Sitoe,Jan Risberg,Elin Norstr9m,Ian Snowball,Karin Holmgren,Mussa Achimo,Jo2o Mugabe.2015.Paleo-environment and flooding of the Limpopo River-plain,Mozambique,between c.A D 1200~2000.Catena,126:105~116.
Schillereff D N,Chiverrell R C,Macdonald N,Hooke J M.2014.Flood stratigraphies in lake sediments:a review.Earth-Science Reviews,135:17~37.
Shi Nianhai.1999#.The evolution and control of the rivers in the Yellow River basin.Xi’an:Shaanxi People Publishing House.315~320.
Starkel L,Soja R,Michczyn D J.2006.Past hydrological events reflected in the Holocene history of Polish rivers.Catena,66:24~33.
Wang Qidong,Song Jinming,Li Xuegang,Yuan Huamao,Li Ning,Cao Lei.2014&.Radionuclides in the sediments of the newly formed wetlands of Yellow River estuary and its indication to environmental change.Geological Review,60(4):755~764.
Wirth S B,Glur L,Gilli A,Anselmetti F S.2013.Holocene flood frequency across the Central Alps:solar forcing and evidence for variations in North Atlantic atmospheric circulation.Quaternary Science Reviews,80:112~128.
Xie Youyu.2000#.Sediment Geoporphology Study.Ocean Publishiing House.3~4.
Xin Peng,Wu Shuren,Shi Jusong,Wang Tao,Shi Ling.2015&.Comment on the Progress in,Problems and Countermeasure on Mudflow Induced by rainfall.Geological Review,61(3):485~493.
Xing Dawei,Zhang Yufang,Su Xiaoling.2004&.Thought about flood of Weihe River in Shaanxi in 2003.Journal of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering,2(1):1~4.
Yan Yan,Yue Dapeng,Li Kui,Liu Peng.2014&.Grain size cycle characteristics of flood sediments at loess depression check dam during 1953~2010.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,34(6):349~354.
Yuan Lin.1994#.The famine history in northwestern Region.Lanzhou:Gansu People Publishing House.102~106.
Zha Xiaochun,Huang Chunchang,Pang Jiangli.2007&.Acta Geographica Sinica,62(3):291~300.
Zhang Can,Zhou Aifeng,Zhang Xiaonan,Wu Duo,HaoS hengtun.2015&.Identification of paleaoflood events by lacustrine archives and their links to climatic conditions.Progress in Geography,34(7):888~908.
Zhao Jingbo,Luo Xiaoqing,Liu Riu,Chen Baoqun,YueY ingli.2015&.Research in soil moisture during development of S1palaeosol in Guanzhong Plain.2015.Acta Geologica Sinica,89(12):2389~2399.
Zhu Cheng,Zhong Yishun,Zheng Chaogui.1997&.Relationship of archaeological sites distribution and environment from the paleolithic age to the Wrring States Time in Hubei Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,52(3):268~278.