生态奖补对牧民生产生活和植被覆盖度的影响:以甘南藏族自治州为例
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摘要
以甘南州为例,利用牧户调查数据,结合草地植被覆盖度,定量分析生态奖补对牧民生产生活和草地的影响。结果表明:1)生态奖补改善了牧民生活水平,当奖补收入每增加1万元时,日常消费增加0.46万元,宗教支出增加0.82万元;2)与以往研究不同,随着奖补收入的增加,牧户养殖牲畜数量增加,当奖补收入每增加1万元时,牲畜数量增加293.60个羊单位;3)奖补收入的增加也促使牧民的生产投入增加,奖补收入每增加1万元,租用草地和购买饲草料各增加1.05万元和0.39万元;4)由于生产投入的增加,生态奖补使草地实际载畜量降低,促进草地植被恢复,载畜量每公顷降低0.34羊单位,草地覆盖度提高2%。
Using a pastoral household survey and site-specific normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) data, this study was conducted to investigate the impacts of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy on grassland and the livelihood of herdsmen in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu, China. The results showed that 1) the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy increased the living standards of herdsmen; the consumption expenditures increased by 4.6 × 10~3 CNY and religious expenditure increased by 8.2 × 10~3 CNY for every 1.0 × 10~4 CNY increase in the total income of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy. 2) In contrast to previous studies, the number of livestock animals increased with increase in the total income of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy; the number of livestock animals increased by 293.60 sheep units with every 1.0 × 10~4 CNY increase in the total income of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy. 3) The increase in total income of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy also promoted the production input of herdsmen; the expense of renting grassland and purchasing forage increased by 1.05 × 10~4 and 3.9 × 10~3,CNY respectively. 4) Because of increased production input, the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy reduced the actual grazing capacity of the grassland, which promoted the restoration of grassland vegetation, and grazing capacity decreased by 0.34 sheep units·ha~(–1). The coverage of grassland improved by 2% for every 1.0 × 10~4 CNY increase in the total income of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy.
Using a pastoral household survey and site-specific normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) data, this study was conducted to investigate the impacts of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy on grassland and the livelihood of herdsmen in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu, China. The results showed that 1) the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy increased the living standards of herdsmen; the consumption expenditures increased by 4.6 × 10~3 CNY and religious expenditure increased by 8.2 × 10~3 CNY for every 1.0 × 10~4 CNY increase in the total income of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy. 2) In contrast to previous studies, the number of livestock animals increased with increase in the total income of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy; the number of livestock animals increased by 293.60 sheep units with every 1.0 × 10~4 CNY increase in the total income of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy. 3) The increase in total income of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy also promoted the production input of herdsmen; the expense of renting grassland and purchasing forage increased by 1.05 × 10~4 and 3.9 × 10~3,CNY respectively. 4) Because of increased production input, the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy reduced the actual grazing capacity of the grassland, which promoted the restoration of grassland vegetation, and grazing capacity decreased by 0.34 sheep units·ha~(–1). The coverage of grassland improved by 2% for every 1.0 × 10~4 CNY increase in the total income of the Grassland Ecological Compensation Policy.
引文
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[11]HARDIN G.Tragedy of the commons.Science,1968,162:1243-1248.
[12]田家官.社会保险道德风险的发生机制及防治.财经科学,2010(8):109-116.TIAN J G.Prevention and mechanisms of occurrence of moral hazard of social insurance.Finance&Economics,2010(8):109-116.
[13]贾艳红,赵军,南忠仁,赵传燕,王胜利.基于熵权法的草原生态安全评价:以甘肃牧区为例.生态学杂志,2006,25(8):1003-1008.JIA Y H,ZHAO J,NAN Z R,ZHAO C Y,WANG S L.Ecological safety assessment of grassland based on entropy-right method:A case study of Gansu pastoral area.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25(8):1003-1008.
[14]潘竟虎.甘肃省区域生态补偿标准测度.生态学杂志,2014,33(12):3286-3294.PAN J H.Regional eco-compensation standard in Gansu Province.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(12):3286-3294.
[15]陈亦晨.草地资源管理指标体系及评价研究.兰州:甘肃农业大学硕士学位论文,2016.CHEN Y C.The research of index system of grassland resources’management and assessment:A case study of grassland in Gannan.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2016.
[16]韩枫,朱立志.草场生态治理中的牧民收入影响因素研究:基于甘南草原的调研分析.华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,37(2):37-44.HAN F,ZHU L Z.Study on herdsmans’s livelihood under grassland ecological management:Based on survey of Gannan grassland.Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2017,37(2):37-44.
[17]金晓媚,夏薇,郭任宏.柴达木河都兰区植被覆盖率变化特征.中国沙漠,2014,34(2):603-609.JIN X M,XIA W,GUO R H.Variation of vegetation coverage in the Dulan area of Qaidam river basin.Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(2):603-609.
[18]马梅,乔光华.气候变化与生产经营活动对草地退化影响的实证研究:以锡林郭勒盟牧区为例.生态经济,2018,34(2):201-208.MA M,QIAO G H.An empirical study on the impacts of climate change and production and operation activities on grassland degradation:The case of Xilin Gol pasture.Ecological Economy,2018,34(2):201-208.
[19]万华伟,高帅,刘玉平,臧春鑫,许时光.呼伦贝尔生态功能区草地退化的时空特征.资源科学,2016,38(8):1443-1451.WAN H W,GAO S,LIU Y P,ZANG C X,XU S G.Grassland degradation monitoring and spatio-temporal variation analysis of the Hulun Buir Ecological Function Region.Resources Science,2016,38(8):1443-1451.
[20]曹诗颂,赵文吉,段福洲.秦巴特困连片区生态资产与经济贫困的耦合关系.地理研究,2015,34(7):1295-1309.CAO S S,ZHAO W J,DUAN F Z.Coupling relation analysis between ecological value and economic poverty of contiguous destitute areas in Qinling-Dabashan region.Geographical Research,2015,34(7):1295-1309.
[21]杨明岳,董世魁,梁菁,洪逸圆.牧民决策机制对高寒草地可持续管理的作用:以青海省共和、贵南两县为例.草业科学,2018,35(8):2039-2048.YANG M Y,DONG S K,LIANG J,HONG Y Y.Effects of herder’s decision-making mechanism on the sustainable management of alpine grasslands:A case study of Gonghe and Guinan counties in Qinghai Province.Pratacultural Science,2018,35(8):2039-2048.
[22]王丹,黄季焜.草原生态保护补助奖励政策对牧户非农就业生计的影响.资源科学,2018,40(7):1344-1353.WANG D,HUANG J K.Impact of grassland ecological compensation policy on household’s off-farm livelihoods.Resources Science,2018,40(7):1344-1353.
[23]段少敏.基于农户视角的塔城草原生态补偿效益研究.石河子:石河子大学硕士学位论文,2015.DUAN S M.The benefit research on ecological compensation of Tacheng under the Herds’View.Master Thesis.Shihezi:Shihezi University,2016.
[24]侯向阳,韩颖.内蒙古典型地区牧户气候变化感知与适应的实证研究.地理研究,2011,30(10):1753-1764.HOU X Y,HAN Y.Herdsmen’s perceptions and adaptation of climate change in typical areas of Inner Mongolia.Geographical Research,2011,30(10):1753-1764.
[25]高颂,于应文,冯琦胜.青南牧区牧户家畜生产及雪灾防治.草业科学,2017,34(12):2554-2560.GAO S,YU Y W,FENG Q S.Herdsmen livestock production and snow disaster countermeasures in the southern pastoral area of Qinghai Province.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(12):2554-2560.
[26]戚欢.内蒙古苏尼特左旗羊肉追溯体系研究.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论,2016.QI H.Studies on lamb traceability system of Sunitezuoqi in Inner Mongolia.Master Thesis.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2016.
[27]尹晓青.草原生态补偿政策:实施效果及改进建议:以内蒙古乌拉特后旗为例.生态经济,2017,33(3):39-45.YIN X Q.Implementation performance and suggestions of grassland eco-compensation policies:Based on Urat back banner,Inner Mongolia.Ecological Economy,2017,33(3):39-45.
[28]侍伟利.新疆草原生态保护奖补政策实施的效果评价.天津农业科学,2017,23(6):64-67.SHI W L.Xinjiang grassland ecological protection award policy implementation effect evaluation.Tianjin Agricultural Sciences,2017,23(6):64-67.
[2]叶晗,朱立志.内蒙古牧区草地生态补偿实践评析.草业科学,2014,31(8):1587-1596.YE H,ZHU L Z.Analysis on Inner Mongolia grassland ecological compensation practices.Pratacultural Science,2014,31(8):1587-1596.
[3]金藏玉.草原奖补政策的经济效果分析及政策建议:以内蒙古阿拉善盟为例.兰州:兰州大学硕士学位论文,2016.JIN C Y.Economic effect analysis and policy proposal of grassland ecological compensation policy:A case study in Alasan region,Inner Mongolia.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2016.
[4]戴微著,谭淑豪.草原生态奖补政策效果评价:基于内蒙古典型牧区调研的制度分析.生态经济,2018,34(3):196-201.DAI W Z,TAN S H.Effects of the implementation of ecological premium policy:Based on institutional analysis of fieldwork in typical pastures in Inner Mongolia.Ecological Economy,2018,34(3):196-201.
[5]刘爱军.内蒙古草原生态保护补助奖励效应及其问题解析.草原与草业,2014,26(2):4-8.LIU A J.Study on effect and problem grassland ecological protection subsidy incentives effects analysis in Inner Mongolia.Grassland and Prataculture,2014,26(2):4-8.
[6]魏琦,侯向阳.建立中国草原生态补偿长效机制的思考.中国农业科学,2015,48(18):3719-3726.WEI Q,HOU X Y.Reflections on establishing a long-term mechanism of grassland ecological compensation in China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(18):3719-3726.
[7]乌吉斯古楞.牧民视角下的草原生态补奖政策效益评价.呼和浩特:内蒙古大学硕士学位论文,2017.Wujisiguleng.Evaluation on the benefit of grassland ecological protection supplementary policy from the perspective of herdsmen:A case in Xilin Gol.Master Thesis.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University,2017.
[8]郭彦玮,刘维忠,刘娜娜,阿依古丽,许承云.草原补奖政策实施前后南疆牧民生活生产方式变化研究.广东农业科学,2015,42(14):163-168.GUO Y W,LIU W Z,LIU N N.Aygul,XU C Y Production and life changes for herdsman after the grassland subsidy policy implementation.Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2015,42(14):163-168.
[9]李雪锋,李慧芹.赛里木湖水源涵养区禁牧效果调查研究.安徽农学通报,2016,22(11):122-123.LI X F,LI H Q.Research on the effect of grazing prohibition in the water source conservation area of Selimu Lake.Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,22(11):122-123.
[10]宗鑫.青藏高原东部草原生态建设补偿区域的优先级判别研究:以玛曲县、若尔盖县、红原县、阿坝县为例.兰州:兰州大学硕士学位论文,2016.ZONG X.Identifying the priority level of ecological construction compensation areas in prairie of eastern Tibetan Plateau:A case study of Maqu,Ruo-ergai,Hongyuan and Aba.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2016.
[11]HARDIN G.Tragedy of the commons.Science,1968,162:1243-1248.
[12]田家官.社会保险道德风险的发生机制及防治.财经科学,2010(8):109-116.TIAN J G.Prevention and mechanisms of occurrence of moral hazard of social insurance.Finance&Economics,2010(8):109-116.
[13]贾艳红,赵军,南忠仁,赵传燕,王胜利.基于熵权法的草原生态安全评价:以甘肃牧区为例.生态学杂志,2006,25(8):1003-1008.JIA Y H,ZHAO J,NAN Z R,ZHAO C Y,WANG S L.Ecological safety assessment of grassland based on entropy-right method:A case study of Gansu pastoral area.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25(8):1003-1008.
[14]潘竟虎.甘肃省区域生态补偿标准测度.生态学杂志,2014,33(12):3286-3294.PAN J H.Regional eco-compensation standard in Gansu Province.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(12):3286-3294.
[15]陈亦晨.草地资源管理指标体系及评价研究.兰州:甘肃农业大学硕士学位论文,2016.CHEN Y C.The research of index system of grassland resources’management and assessment:A case study of grassland in Gannan.Master Thesis.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2016.
[16]韩枫,朱立志.草场生态治理中的牧民收入影响因素研究:基于甘南草原的调研分析.华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,37(2):37-44.HAN F,ZHU L Z.Study on herdsmans’s livelihood under grassland ecological management:Based on survey of Gannan grassland.Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition),2017,37(2):37-44.
[17]金晓媚,夏薇,郭任宏.柴达木河都兰区植被覆盖率变化特征.中国沙漠,2014,34(2):603-609.JIN X M,XIA W,GUO R H.Variation of vegetation coverage in the Dulan area of Qaidam river basin.Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(2):603-609.
[18]马梅,乔光华.气候变化与生产经营活动对草地退化影响的实证研究:以锡林郭勒盟牧区为例.生态经济,2018,34(2):201-208.MA M,QIAO G H.An empirical study on the impacts of climate change and production and operation activities on grassland degradation:The case of Xilin Gol pasture.Ecological Economy,2018,34(2):201-208.
[19]万华伟,高帅,刘玉平,臧春鑫,许时光.呼伦贝尔生态功能区草地退化的时空特征.资源科学,2016,38(8):1443-1451.WAN H W,GAO S,LIU Y P,ZANG C X,XU S G.Grassland degradation monitoring and spatio-temporal variation analysis of the Hulun Buir Ecological Function Region.Resources Science,2016,38(8):1443-1451.
[20]曹诗颂,赵文吉,段福洲.秦巴特困连片区生态资产与经济贫困的耦合关系.地理研究,2015,34(7):1295-1309.CAO S S,ZHAO W J,DUAN F Z.Coupling relation analysis between ecological value and economic poverty of contiguous destitute areas in Qinling-Dabashan region.Geographical Research,2015,34(7):1295-1309.
[21]杨明岳,董世魁,梁菁,洪逸圆.牧民决策机制对高寒草地可持续管理的作用:以青海省共和、贵南两县为例.草业科学,2018,35(8):2039-2048.YANG M Y,DONG S K,LIANG J,HONG Y Y.Effects of herder’s decision-making mechanism on the sustainable management of alpine grasslands:A case study of Gonghe and Guinan counties in Qinghai Province.Pratacultural Science,2018,35(8):2039-2048.
[22]王丹,黄季焜.草原生态保护补助奖励政策对牧户非农就业生计的影响.资源科学,2018,40(7):1344-1353.WANG D,HUANG J K.Impact of grassland ecological compensation policy on household’s off-farm livelihoods.Resources Science,2018,40(7):1344-1353.
[23]段少敏.基于农户视角的塔城草原生态补偿效益研究.石河子:石河子大学硕士学位论文,2015.DUAN S M.The benefit research on ecological compensation of Tacheng under the Herds’View.Master Thesis.Shihezi:Shihezi University,2016.
[24]侯向阳,韩颖.内蒙古典型地区牧户气候变化感知与适应的实证研究.地理研究,2011,30(10):1753-1764.HOU X Y,HAN Y.Herdsmen’s perceptions and adaptation of climate change in typical areas of Inner Mongolia.Geographical Research,2011,30(10):1753-1764.
[25]高颂,于应文,冯琦胜.青南牧区牧户家畜生产及雪灾防治.草业科学,2017,34(12):2554-2560.GAO S,YU Y W,FENG Q S.Herdsmen livestock production and snow disaster countermeasures in the southern pastoral area of Qinghai Province.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(12):2554-2560.
[26]戚欢.内蒙古苏尼特左旗羊肉追溯体系研究.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学硕士学位论,2016.QI H.Studies on lamb traceability system of Sunitezuoqi in Inner Mongolia.Master Thesis.Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2016.
[27]尹晓青.草原生态补偿政策:实施效果及改进建议:以内蒙古乌拉特后旗为例.生态经济,2017,33(3):39-45.YIN X Q.Implementation performance and suggestions of grassland eco-compensation policies:Based on Urat back banner,Inner Mongolia.Ecological Economy,2017,33(3):39-45.
[28]侍伟利.新疆草原生态保护奖补政策实施的效果评价.天津农业科学,2017,23(6):64-67.SHI W L.Xinjiang grassland ecological protection award policy implementation effect evaluation.Tianjin Agricultural Sciences,2017,23(6):64-67.