东北玉米根系生物量模型的构建
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摘要
开展根系生物量的观测和研究,建立通用性的根系生物量模型对于开展生态系统生物量的监测和评估具有重要意义。为得到根系生物量的实时信息, 2016年9月末利用挖土法和根系扫描系统,获取玉米根系的生物量及生态指标,分析了玉米根系生物量的垂直分布特征并建立了根系生物量与根系生态指标之间的模拟方程。结果表明:玉米根系生物量主要集中于0～30 cm,占玉米根系垂直分布量的94.44%。利用普通最小二乘法建立根系生物量模型均存在异方差问题,增加根长作为自变量建立的根系生物量模型显著提高了模拟精度,决定系数(R2)达0.91以上。采用对数转换消除方程的异方差及比较不同的模拟方程后发现,玉米根系生物量与根径和根长的组合变量(D2H)建立的指数函数是模拟玉米根系生物量的最优方程,决定系数(R2)最高,为0.90,平均绝对误差(MAE)、估计值的标准误差(SEE)、平均预估误差(MPE)均最小,满足了模拟方程的精度要求。对该方程进一步验证发现,模拟值和实测值之间的相关系数为0.92,说明此模型能较好地模拟根系生物量。利用根系生物量模型结合微根管法,可解决根系生物量实时观测难的问题。
It is of great significance to explore root biomass and establish a universal root biomass model for the monitoring and evaluation of the ecosystem biomass. In order to get the real-time information of a root system, the biomass and ecological indexes of maize root system were collected using soil sampling method and root scanning systems at the agricultural meteorological experiment station in Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province in September 2016. The vertical distribution characteristics of root biomass of maize were analyzed and simulation equations were established based on the relationships between root biomass and root ecological indexes. The results showed that the maize root biomass decreased with increase of soil depth. The root biomass of maize mainly concentrated at the soil depth from 0 cm to 30 cm, which accounted for 94.44% of the total root biomass. The simulation accuracy of exponential and power functions of root biomass with root diameter as independent variable established by ordinary least square method was low, and R2 was 0.10 and 0.12, respectively. The biomass model constructed by adding root length as an independent variable significantly improved the simulation accuracy, with R2 reaching above 0.91. There was heteroscedasticity issue in the models of root biomass established by the ordinary least square method inducing less stable and inaccurate prediction results. This issue could be eliminated by using logarithmic transformation. The biomass model of maize root system with root length and root dimeter together as variables(D2 H) had a better simulation effect and a good prediction accuracy, with the coefficient of determination(R2) as 0.90 and the evaluation indexes MAE, SEE and MPE as 4.38 g, 18.68 g and 16.09%, respectively. The correlation coefficient between simulated and measured values was 0.92(P < 0.01), indicating that this model could be used to simulate the biomass of maize root system in Northeast China. The study results indicated that the difficulty in observing root biomass in real time could be resolved by using root biomass model combined with the minirhizotron method.
It is of great significance to explore root biomass and establish a universal root biomass model for the monitoring and evaluation of the ecosystem biomass. In order to get the real-time information of a root system, the biomass and ecological indexes of maize root system were collected using soil sampling method and root scanning systems at the agricultural meteorological experiment station in Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province in September 2016. The vertical distribution characteristics of root biomass of maize were analyzed and simulation equations were established based on the relationships between root biomass and root ecological indexes. The results showed that the maize root biomass decreased with increase of soil depth. The root biomass of maize mainly concentrated at the soil depth from 0 cm to 30 cm, which accounted for 94.44% of the total root biomass. The simulation accuracy of exponential and power functions of root biomass with root diameter as independent variable established by ordinary least square method was low, and R2 was 0.10 and 0.12, respectively. The biomass model constructed by adding root length as an independent variable significantly improved the simulation accuracy, with R2 reaching above 0.91. There was heteroscedasticity issue in the models of root biomass established by the ordinary least square method inducing less stable and inaccurate prediction results. This issue could be eliminated by using logarithmic transformation. The biomass model of maize root system with root length and root dimeter together as variables(D2 H) had a better simulation effect and a good prediction accuracy, with the coefficient of determination(R2) as 0.90 and the evaluation indexes MAE, SEE and MPE as 4.38 g, 18.68 g and 16.09%, respectively. The correlation coefficient between simulated and measured values was 0.92(P < 0.01), indicating that this model could be used to simulate the biomass of maize root system in Northeast China. The study results indicated that the difficulty in observing root biomass in real time could be resolved by using root biomass model combined with the minirhizotron method.
引文
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[13]JOHANSSONT.Biomassproductionandallometricaboveand below-groundrelations foryoung birch standsplanted at fourspacingsonabandonedfarmland[J].Forestry,2007,80(1):41–52
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[15]王空军,郑洪建,刘开昌,等.我国玉米品种更替过程中根系时空分布特征的演变[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(4):472–475WANG K J, ZHENG H J, LIU K C, et al. Evolution of maize rootdistributioninspace-timeduringmaizevarietiesreplacinginChina[J].ActaPhytoecologicaSinica,2001,25(4):472–475
[16]许常华,李荣平,祁红彦,等.植物根系模拟进展[J].中国农学通报, 2014, 30(18):18–22XUCH,LIRP,QIHY,etal.Studyprogressofplantroot model[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2014, 30(18):18–22
[17]管建慧,刘克礼,郭新宇.玉米根系构型的研究进展[J].玉米科学, 2006, 14(6):162–166GUANJH,LIUKL,GUOXY.Advancesofresearchon maize root system architecture[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences,2006, 14(6):162–166
[18]刘蕾.中国玉米根系生物量及空间分布特征[D].北京:中国农业大学, 2016LIUL.Biomassestimationandspatialdistributionofmaize rootinChina[D].Beijing:ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,2016
[19]刘晶淼,安顺清,廖荣伟,等.玉米根系在土壤剖面中的分布研究[J].中国生态农业学报, 2009, 17(3):517–521LIUJM,ANSQ,LIAORW,etal.Temporalvariationand spatialdistributionoftherootsystemofcorninasoilprofile[J].ChineseJournalofEco-Agriculture,2009,17(3):517–521
[20]廖荣伟,刘晶淼,安顺清,等.基于微根管技术的玉米根系生长监测[J].农业工程学报, 2010, 26(10):156–161LIAORW,LIUJM,ANSQ,etal.Monitorofcornroot growthinsoilbasedonminirhizotrontechnique[J].Transactions of the CSAE, 2010, 26(10):156–161
[21]黄建辉,韩兴国,陈灵芝.森林生态系统根系生物量研究进展[J].生态学报, 1999, 19(2):270–277HUANG J H, HAN X G, CHEN L Z. Advances in the research of(fine)root biomass in forest ecosystems[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 1999, 19(2):270–277
[22]杨宪龙,魏孝荣,邵明安.黄土高原北部典型灌丛枝条生物量估算模型[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(10):3164–3172YANG X L, WEI X R, SHAO M A. Stem biomass estimation models for dominant shrubs on the northern Loess Plateau of China[J].ChineseJournalofAppliedEcology,2016,27(10):3164–3172
[23]曾伟生. 3种异速生长方程对生物量建模的对比分析[J].中南林业调查规划, 2014, 33(1):1–3ZENGWS.Comparisonofthreeallometricequationsfor biomassmodeling[J].CentralSouthForestInventoryand Planning, 2014, 33(1):1–3
[24]张会儒,唐守正,胥辉.关于生物量模型中的异方差问题[J].林业资源管理, 1999,(1):46–49ZHANGHR,TANGSZ,XUH.Theproblemofheteroscedasticityinthebiomassmodel[J].ForestResourcesManagement, 1999,(1):46–49
[25]李潮海,李胜利,王群,等.不同质地土壤对玉米根系生长动态的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2004, 37(9):1334–1340LICH,LISL,WANGQ,etal.Effectofdifferenttextural soils on root dynamic growth in corn[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2004, 37(9):1334–1340
[26]李春俭,彭云峰,牛君仿,等.土壤中的玉米根系生长及其研究应注意的问题[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):225–231LI C J, PENG Y F, NIU J F, et al. Real maize roots in the soil andissuesshouldbeconsideredbystudy[J].PlantNutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010, 161(1):225–231
[27]赵江,张怡明,牛兴奎,等.不同密度条件玉米根系性状在不同土层中的分布研究[J].华北农学报,2011,26(S1):99–103ZHAOJ,ZHANGYM,NIUXK,etal.Studiesonthedistributionofmaizerootcharacteristicsatdifferentsoillayers anddensities[J].ActaAgriculturaeBoreali-Sinica,2011,26(S1):99–103
[28]张玉,秦华东,伍龙梅,等.玉米根系空间分布特性的数学模拟及应用[J].玉米科学, 2015, 23(4):92–97ZHANGY,QINHD,WULM,etal.Mathematicalsimulationofmaizerootspatialdistributionanditsapplication[J].Journal of Maize Sciences, 2015, 23(4):92–97
[29]杨嘉龙,肖生苓.异方差对生物量模型构建的影响[J].森林工程, 2014, 30(2):25–28YANG J L, XIAO S L. The influence of heteroscedasticity on theestablishmentofbiomassmodel[J].ForestEngineering,2014, 30(2):25–28
[2]罗东辉,夏婧,袁婧薇,等.我国西南山地喀斯特植被的根系生物量初探[J].植物生态学报, 2010, 34(5):611–618LUODH,XIAJ,YUANJW,etal.Rootbiomassofkarst vegetationinamountainousareaofsouthwesternChina[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2010, 34(5):611–618
[3]郭京衡,李尝君,曾凡江,等.2种荒漠植物根系生物量分布与土壤水分、养分的关系[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(1):166–171GUO J H, LI C J, ZENG F J, et al. Relationship between root biomass distribution and soil moisture, nutrient for two desert plant species[J]. Arid Zone Research, 2016, 33(1):166–171
[4]张金凤,徐雨晴.水氮添加对内蒙古多伦县退耕还草地生物量、生产力及其分配的影响[J].中国生态农业学报, 2016,24(2):192–200ZHANGJF,XUYQ.Responsesofplantbiomassandnet primaryproductiontonitrogenfertilizationandincreased precipitationinre-grassedcroplandsinDuolunCountyof Inner Mongolia, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016, 24(2):192–200
[5]韩畅,宋敏,杜虎,等.广西不同林龄杉木、马尾松人工林根系生物量及碳储量特征[J].生态学报,2017,37(7):2282–2289HAN C, SONGM, DUH,etal.Biomass andcarbon storage inrootsofCunninghamialanceolataandPinusmassoniana plantationsatdifferentstandagesinGuangxi[J].ActaEcologica Sinica, 2017, 37(7):2282–2289
[6]周本智,张守攻,傅懋毅.植物根系研究新技术Minirhizotron的起源、发展和应用[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(2):253–260ZHOUBZ,ZHANGSG,FUMY.Minirhizotron,anew techniqueforplantrootsystemresearch:Itsinvention,developmentandapplication[J].ChineseJournalofEcology,2007, 26(2):253–260
[7]ZIANISD,MUUKKONENP,M?KIP??R,etal.Biomass and stem volume equations for tree species in Europe[J]. Silva Fennica Monographs, 2005, 4:1–63
[8]崔喜红,陈晋,沈金松,等.基于探地雷达的树木根径估算模型及根生物量估算新方法[J].中国科学:地球科学, 2011,41(2):243–252CUIXH,CHENJ,SHENJS,etal.Modelingtreerootdiameterandbiomassbyground-penetratingradar[J].Science China Earth Sciences, 2011, 41(2):243–252
[9]曾伟生,唐守正.东北落叶松和南方马尾松地下生物量模型研建[J].北京林业大学学报, 2011, 33(2):1–6ZENGW S,TANGSZ.Establishment of below-ground biomassequationsforlarchinnortheasternandmassonpinein southernChina[J].JournalofBeijingForestryUniversity,2011, 33(2):1–6
[10]肖义发,欧光龙,王俊峰,等.思茅松单木根系生物量的估算模型[J].东北林业大学学报, 2014, 42(1):57–60XIAOYF,OUGL,WANGJF,etal.Biomassestimation modelsofindividualrootforPinuskesiyavar.langbianensis[J].JournalofNortheastForestryUniversity,2014,42(1):57–60
[11]LITTON C M, RYAN M G, TINKER D B, et al. Belowground andabovegroundbiomassinyoungpostfirelodgepolepine forestsofcontrastingtreedensity[J].CanadianJournalof Forest Research, 2003, 33(2):351–363
[12]BOLTEA,RAHMANNT,KUHRM,etal.Relationships betweentreedimensionandcoarserootbiomassinmixed standsofEuropeanbeech(FagussylvaticaL.)andNorway spruce(PiceaabiesL.Karst.)[J].PlantandSoil,2004,264(1/2):1–11
[13]JOHANSSONT.Biomassproductionandallometricaboveand below-groundrelations foryoung birch standsplanted at fourspacingsonabandonedfarmland[J].Forestry,2007,80(1):41–52
[14]刘永霞,岳延滨,刘岩,等.基于生物量的水稻根系生长动态模型[J].江苏农业学报, 2011, 27(4):704–709LIUYX,YUEYB,LIUY,etal.Biomass-baseddynamic model for rice root system[J]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2011, 27(4):704–709
[15]王空军,郑洪建,刘开昌,等.我国玉米品种更替过程中根系时空分布特征的演变[J].植物生态学报,2001,25(4):472–475WANG K J, ZHENG H J, LIU K C, et al. Evolution of maize rootdistributioninspace-timeduringmaizevarietiesreplacinginChina[J].ActaPhytoecologicaSinica,2001,25(4):472–475
[16]许常华,李荣平,祁红彦,等.植物根系模拟进展[J].中国农学通报, 2014, 30(18):18–22XUCH,LIRP,QIHY,etal.Studyprogressofplantroot model[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2014, 30(18):18–22
[17]管建慧,刘克礼,郭新宇.玉米根系构型的研究进展[J].玉米科学, 2006, 14(6):162–166GUANJH,LIUKL,GUOXY.Advancesofresearchon maize root system architecture[J]. Journal of Maize Sciences,2006, 14(6):162–166
[18]刘蕾.中国玉米根系生物量及空间分布特征[D].北京:中国农业大学, 2016LIUL.Biomassestimationandspatialdistributionofmaize rootinChina[D].Beijing:ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,2016
[19]刘晶淼,安顺清,廖荣伟,等.玉米根系在土壤剖面中的分布研究[J].中国生态农业学报, 2009, 17(3):517–521LIUJM,ANSQ,LIAORW,etal.Temporalvariationand spatialdistributionoftherootsystemofcorninasoilprofile[J].ChineseJournalofEco-Agriculture,2009,17(3):517–521
[20]廖荣伟,刘晶淼,安顺清,等.基于微根管技术的玉米根系生长监测[J].农业工程学报, 2010, 26(10):156–161LIAORW,LIUJM,ANSQ,etal.Monitorofcornroot growthinsoilbasedonminirhizotrontechnique[J].Transactions of the CSAE, 2010, 26(10):156–161
[21]黄建辉,韩兴国,陈灵芝.森林生态系统根系生物量研究进展[J].生态学报, 1999, 19(2):270–277HUANG J H, HAN X G, CHEN L Z. Advances in the research of(fine)root biomass in forest ecosystems[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 1999, 19(2):270–277
[22]杨宪龙,魏孝荣,邵明安.黄土高原北部典型灌丛枝条生物量估算模型[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(10):3164–3172YANG X L, WEI X R, SHAO M A. Stem biomass estimation models for dominant shrubs on the northern Loess Plateau of China[J].ChineseJournalofAppliedEcology,2016,27(10):3164–3172
[23]曾伟生. 3种异速生长方程对生物量建模的对比分析[J].中南林业调查规划, 2014, 33(1):1–3ZENGWS.Comparisonofthreeallometricequationsfor biomassmodeling[J].CentralSouthForestInventoryand Planning, 2014, 33(1):1–3
[24]张会儒,唐守正,胥辉.关于生物量模型中的异方差问题[J].林业资源管理, 1999,(1):46–49ZHANGHR,TANGSZ,XUH.Theproblemofheteroscedasticityinthebiomassmodel[J].ForestResourcesManagement, 1999,(1):46–49
[25]李潮海,李胜利,王群,等.不同质地土壤对玉米根系生长动态的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2004, 37(9):1334–1340LICH,LISL,WANGQ,etal.Effectofdifferenttextural soils on root dynamic growth in corn[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2004, 37(9):1334–1340
[26]李春俭,彭云峰,牛君仿,等.土壤中的玉米根系生长及其研究应注意的问题[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):225–231LI C J, PENG Y F, NIU J F, et al. Real maize roots in the soil andissuesshouldbeconsideredbystudy[J].PlantNutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2010, 161(1):225–231
[27]赵江,张怡明,牛兴奎,等.不同密度条件玉米根系性状在不同土层中的分布研究[J].华北农学报,2011,26(S1):99–103ZHAOJ,ZHANGYM,NIUXK,etal.Studiesonthedistributionofmaizerootcharacteristicsatdifferentsoillayers anddensities[J].ActaAgriculturaeBoreali-Sinica,2011,26(S1):99–103
[28]张玉,秦华东,伍龙梅,等.玉米根系空间分布特性的数学模拟及应用[J].玉米科学, 2015, 23(4):92–97ZHANGY,QINHD,WULM,etal.Mathematicalsimulationofmaizerootspatialdistributionanditsapplication[J].Journal of Maize Sciences, 2015, 23(4):92–97
[29]杨嘉龙,肖生苓.异方差对生物量模型构建的影响[J].森林工程, 2014, 30(2):25–28YANG J L, XIAO S L. The influence of heteroscedasticity on theestablishmentofbiomassmodel[J].ForestEngineering,2014, 30(2):25–28