岗南水库上游流域大气氮干湿沉降研究
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摘要
以岗南水库上游流域为研究对象,在岗南水库及其控制流域设置5个采样点位,分析2015年7月至2016年6月流域大气氮素干、湿沉降通量时空分布特征。结果表明,岗南水库流域总氮干、湿沉降通量范围分别为17.7～134.7kg/(km~2·月)和9.9～386.8kg/(km~2·月)。大气干沉降以硝态氮和有机氮为主,春、夏季较高;湿沉降中氮素形态以氨态氮和硝态氮为主,夏季最高,春季次高,秋冬季较低。空间分布上,呈现出由西北向东南不断增加的趋势。利用大气氮素总沉降量、流域面积以及水库水面面积计算得到全流域大气总氮沉降入河负荷量为3 674t/a,直接沉降入库负荷量为105.16t/a。
In this study,we chose five sampling points in Gangnan reservoir basin to monitor nitrogen depositions.We analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of dry and wet deposition fluxes of atmospheric nitrogen from July 2015 to June 2016.The results showed that dry and wet deposition fluxes of total nitrogen were 17.7-134.7 kg/(km~2·month)and9.9-386.8 kg/(km~2·month)respectively.The nitrate and organic nitrogen were the dominant contributors to atmospheric dry deposition flux.Their amount was higher in spring and summer.The nitrogen forms in wet deposition were mainly ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen,the amount of which was higher in summer and spring and lower in fall and winter.In terms of spatial distribution,there was an increasing trend from the northwest to the southeast.Based on the total amount of atmospheric nitrogen deposition,watershed area,and reservoir surface area,we calculated the total atmospheric nitrogen deposition into river for the whole basin,which was 3 674 t/a.The direct nitrogen deposition into the Gangnan reservoir was 105.16 t/a.
In this study,we chose five sampling points in Gangnan reservoir basin to monitor nitrogen depositions.We analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of dry and wet deposition fluxes of atmospheric nitrogen from July 2015 to June 2016.The results showed that dry and wet deposition fluxes of total nitrogen were 17.7-134.7 kg/(km~2·month)and9.9-386.8 kg/(km~2·month)respectively.The nitrate and organic nitrogen were the dominant contributors to atmospheric dry deposition flux.Their amount was higher in spring and summer.The nitrogen forms in wet deposition were mainly ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen,the amount of which was higher in summer and spring and lower in fall and winter.In terms of spatial distribution,there was an increasing trend from the northwest to the southeast.Based on the total amount of atmospheric nitrogen deposition,watershed area,and reservoir surface area,we calculated the total atmospheric nitrogen deposition into river for the whole basin,which was 3 674 t/a.The direct nitrogen deposition into the Gangnan reservoir was 105.16 t/a.
引文
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[9]王茜,王雪梅,林文实,等.鼎湖山无机氮湿沉降来源研究[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(6):156-160.(WANG Q,WANG XM,LIN W S,et al.Study on sources of inorganic nitrogen in wet deposition in Dinghushan Mountain[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(6):156-160.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13198/j.res.2008.06.158.wangx.035.
[10]ZHANG Y,DORE A,et al.Agricultural ammonia emissions inventory and spatial distribution in the North China Plain[J].Environmental pollution,2010,158(2):490-501.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.033.
[11]张颖,刘学军,张福锁,等.华北平原大气氮素沉降的时空变异[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):1633-1639.(ZHANG Y,LIU XJ,ZHANG FU S,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in North China Plain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(6):1633-1639.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.06.001.
[12]尹兴,张丽娟,刘学军,等.河北平原城市近郊农田大气氮沉降特征[J].中国农业科学,2017,04(50),698-710.(YIN X,ZHANG L J,LIU X J,et al.Nitrogen deposition in suburban croplands of Hebei Plain[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,04(50),698-710.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.04.010.
[13]刘平,刘学军,刘恩科,等.山西省太原市旱作农区大气活性氮干湿沉降年度变化特征[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(5):625-633.(LIU P,LIU X J,LIU E K,et al.Temporal variation of atmospheric wet/dry reactive nitrogen deposition in Taiyuan rainfed farming area of Shanxi Province[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(5):625-633.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.161024.
[14]杨龙元,秦伯强,胡维平,等.太湖大气氮、磷营养元素干湿沉降率研究.海洋与湖沼[J].2007,38(2):104-110.(YANG LY,QIN B Q,HU W P,et al.The atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and hosphorus nutrients in Taihu lake.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica[J].2007,38(2):104-110.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0029-814X.2007.02.002.
[15]翟水晶,杨龙元,胡维平,等.太湖北部藻类生长旺盛期大气氮、磷沉降特征.环境污染与防治[J].2009,31(4):5-10.(ZHAI SJ,YANG L Y,HU W P,et al.Atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition during optimal algal growth period in northern Lake Taihu.Environmental Pollution&Control[J].2009,31(4):5-10.(in Chinese))DOI:10.15985/j.cnki.1001-3865.2009.04.005.
[16]CHAN C K.YAQ X H.Air pollution in mega cities in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(1):1-42.DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003.
[17]苏成国,尹斌,朱兆良,等.农田氮素的气态损失与大气氮湿沉降及其环境效应[J].土壤,2005,37(2):113-120.(SU C G,YIN B,ZHU Z L,et al.The environmental effects of gaseous losses of nitrogen in farmland and atmospheric nitrogen wet deposition[J].Soil.2005,37(2):113-120.
[18]GB/T 15265-94.环境空气降尘的测定(重量法)[S].(GB/T15265-94.Determination of Ambient air Dustfall(gravimetric method)[S].(in Chinese))
[19]GB 13580.2-92.大气降水样品的采集与保存[S].GB13580.2-92.Precipitation Samples Collection and Preservation[S].(in Chinese))
[20]潘月鹏,王跃思,杨勇杰,等.区域大气颗粒物干沉降采集及金属元素分析方法[J].环境科学,2010,31(3):553-559.(PANY P,WANG Y S,YANG Y J,et al.Determination of trace metals in atmospheric dry deposition with a heavy matrix of puf by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy after microwave digestion[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(3):553-559.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2010.03.012.
[21]PAN Y P,WANG Y S,et al.(2012)Wet and dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen at ten sites in Northern China.atmospheric chemistry and physics 12,6515-6535.DOI:10.5194/acpd-12-753-2012.
[22]陈能汪,洪华生,等.九龙江流域大气氮干沉降[J].生态学报.2006,26(8):2602-2607.(CHEN Neng-wang,HONG Huasheng,et al.Dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen to Jiulong River watershed in southeast China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(8):2602-2607.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.08.024.
[23]陈能汪,洪华生,肖建,等.九龙江流域大气氮湿沉降研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(1):38-46.(CHEN N W,HONG H S,XI-AO J,et al.Wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen in Jiulong River Watershed[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(1):38-46.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2008.01.035.
[24]郑利霞,刘学军,张福锁,等大气有机氮沉降研究进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3828-3834.(ZHENG L X,LIU X J,ZHANG F S,et al.Atmospheric deposition of organicnitrogen:a review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3828-3834.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.09.034.
[25]CLARK H,KREMER J N.Estimating direct and episodic atmospheric nitrogen deposition to a coastal waterbody[J].Marine Environmental Research,2005,59(4):349.DOI:10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.06.001.
[26]MESSAGER M L,LEHNER B,GRILL G,et al.Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach[J].Nature Communications,2016,7:13603.DOI:10.1038/ncomms13603.
[27]PAERL H W,DENNIS R L,WHITALL D R,et al.Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen:Implications for nutrient overenrichment of coastal waters[J].Estuaries,2002,25(4):677-693.DOI:10.1007/bf02804899.
[2]谢迎新,张淑利,冯伟等.大气氮素沉降研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(4):897-904.(XIE Y X,ZHANG S L,FENG W,et al.Review of atmospheric nitrogen deposition research[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(4):897-904.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1011.2010.00897.
[3]STEVENS C J,DISE N B,MOUNTFORD J O,et al.Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands[J].Science,2004,303(5665):1876-1879.DOI:10.1126/science.1094678.
[4]LIU X J,ZHANG Y,HAN W X,et al.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China[J].Nature,2013,494(7438):459-462.DOI:10.1038/nature11917.
[5]HELLSTEN S,DRAGOSITS U,PLACE C J,et al.Modelling the spatial distribution of ammonia emissions in the UK[J].Environmental Pollution,2008,154(3):370-379.DOI:10.1016/s0269-7491(04)00104-6.
[6]鲁如坤,史陶钧.金华地区降雨中养分含量的初步研究[J].土壤学报,1979,16(1):81-84.(LU R K,SHI T Y.The content of plant nutrients of precipitation in Jinhua District of Zhejiang Province[J].Acta Pedologice Sinica,1979,16(1):81-84.(in Chinese))
[7]晏维金,章申,王嘉慧.长江流域氮的生物地球化学循环及其对输送无机氮的影响[J].地理学报,2001,56(5):505-514.(YANW J,ZHANG S,WANG J H,et al.Nitrogen biogeochemical cycling in the Chang jiang Drainage Basin and its effect on Chang jiang River dissolved inorganic nitrogen[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2001,56(5):505-514.(in Chinese))
[8]樊建凌,胡正义,庄舜尧,等.林地大气氮沉降的观测研究[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(1):7-9.(FAN J L,HU Z Y,ZHUANG S Y,et al.Observation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition into forestland[J].China Environmental Science,2007,27(1):7-9.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-6923.2007.01.003.
[9]王茜,王雪梅,林文实,等.鼎湖山无机氮湿沉降来源研究[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(6):156-160.(WANG Q,WANG XM,LIN W S,et al.Study on sources of inorganic nitrogen in wet deposition in Dinghushan Mountain[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(6):156-160.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13198/j.res.2008.06.158.wangx.035.
[10]ZHANG Y,DORE A,et al.Agricultural ammonia emissions inventory and spatial distribution in the North China Plain[J].Environmental pollution,2010,158(2):490-501.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.08.033.
[11]张颖,刘学军,张福锁,等.华北平原大气氮素沉降的时空变异[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):1633-1639.(ZHANG Y,LIU XJ,ZHANG FU S,et al.Spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in North China Plain[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(6):1633-1639.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.06.001.
[12]尹兴,张丽娟,刘学军,等.河北平原城市近郊农田大气氮沉降特征[J].中国农业科学,2017,04(50),698-710.(YIN X,ZHANG L J,LIU X J,et al.Nitrogen deposition in suburban croplands of Hebei Plain[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,04(50),698-710.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.04.010.
[13]刘平,刘学军,刘恩科,等.山西省太原市旱作农区大气活性氮干湿沉降年度变化特征[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(5):625-633.(LIU P,LIU X J,LIU E K,et al.Temporal variation of atmospheric wet/dry reactive nitrogen deposition in Taiyuan rainfed farming area of Shanxi Province[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(5):625-633.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.161024.
[14]杨龙元,秦伯强,胡维平,等.太湖大气氮、磷营养元素干湿沉降率研究.海洋与湖沼[J].2007,38(2):104-110.(YANG LY,QIN B Q,HU W P,et al.The atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and hosphorus nutrients in Taihu lake.Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica[J].2007,38(2):104-110.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0029-814X.2007.02.002.
[15]翟水晶,杨龙元,胡维平,等.太湖北部藻类生长旺盛期大气氮、磷沉降特征.环境污染与防治[J].2009,31(4):5-10.(ZHAI SJ,YANG L Y,HU W P,et al.Atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition during optimal algal growth period in northern Lake Taihu.Environmental Pollution&Control[J].2009,31(4):5-10.(in Chinese))DOI:10.15985/j.cnki.1001-3865.2009.04.005.
[16]CHAN C K.YAQ X H.Air pollution in mega cities in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(1):1-42.DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003.
[17]苏成国,尹斌,朱兆良,等.农田氮素的气态损失与大气氮湿沉降及其环境效应[J].土壤,2005,37(2):113-120.(SU C G,YIN B,ZHU Z L,et al.The environmental effects of gaseous losses of nitrogen in farmland and atmospheric nitrogen wet deposition[J].Soil.2005,37(2):113-120.
[18]GB/T 15265-94.环境空气降尘的测定(重量法)[S].(GB/T15265-94.Determination of Ambient air Dustfall(gravimetric method)[S].(in Chinese))
[19]GB 13580.2-92.大气降水样品的采集与保存[S].GB13580.2-92.Precipitation Samples Collection and Preservation[S].(in Chinese))
[20]潘月鹏,王跃思,杨勇杰,等.区域大气颗粒物干沉降采集及金属元素分析方法[J].环境科学,2010,31(3):553-559.(PANY P,WANG Y S,YANG Y J,et al.Determination of trace metals in atmospheric dry deposition with a heavy matrix of puf by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy after microwave digestion[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(3):553-559.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2010.03.012.
[21]PAN Y P,WANG Y S,et al.(2012)Wet and dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen at ten sites in Northern China.atmospheric chemistry and physics 12,6515-6535.DOI:10.5194/acpd-12-753-2012.
[22]陈能汪,洪华生,等.九龙江流域大气氮干沉降[J].生态学报.2006,26(8):2602-2607.(CHEN Neng-wang,HONG Huasheng,et al.Dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen to Jiulong River watershed in southeast China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(8):2602-2607.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.08.024.
[23]陈能汪,洪华生,肖建,等.九龙江流域大气氮湿沉降研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(1):38-46.(CHEN N W,HONG H S,XI-AO J,et al.Wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen in Jiulong River Watershed[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(1):38-46.(in Chinese))DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2008.01.035.
[24]郑利霞,刘学军,张福锁,等大气有机氮沉降研究进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(9):3828-3834.(ZHENG L X,LIU X J,ZHANG F S,et al.Atmospheric deposition of organicnitrogen:a review[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(9):3828-3834.(in Chinese))DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2007.09.034.
[25]CLARK H,KREMER J N.Estimating direct and episodic atmospheric nitrogen deposition to a coastal waterbody[J].Marine Environmental Research,2005,59(4):349.DOI:10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.06.001.
[26]MESSAGER M L,LEHNER B,GRILL G,et al.Estimating the volume and age of water stored in global lakes using a geo-statistical approach[J].Nature Communications,2016,7:13603.DOI:10.1038/ncomms13603.
[27]PAERL H W,DENNIS R L,WHITALL D R,et al.Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen:Implications for nutrient overenrichment of coastal waters[J].Estuaries,2002,25(4):677-693.DOI:10.1007/bf02804899.