美国联邦政府的高校学生资助立法:历程、特点及效应
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摘要
美国联邦政府注重以立法推进高校学生资助工作,其高校学生资助立法可以划分为三个阶段,体现的特点有:立法目的凸显了美国高等教育的公平与效率宗旨;立法内容明确,具有较强的可操作性;根据社会变化及时立法,并注重对其进行修订和完善;强调不同法案之间的互补性。立法效应显著:扩大了普通民众接受高等教育的机会;推动了高等教育系统的发展;引领了核心科技领域拔尖人才培养的方向;促进了高校学生资助机制的完善。这对建设和发展我国高校学生资助的政策法规体系具有重要的借鉴意义。
The US federal government has always paid attention to promote the funding of college students by legislation. The process of college student financial aid legislation can be divided into three stages, which reflects the following characteristics: to highlight the "fairness and efficiency" of legislative purpose; to have Strong operability; to legislate and revise it timely based on social changes; to emphasize the complementarity amorg different bills. The effects are remarkable: it expands ordinary people’s higher education opportunities,promotes the development of American higher education system, leads the direction of top talent training in the core areas of the US, and improves the student funding mechanism. It is of important reference significance for the development of Chinese College Student Financial Aid policies and regulations system.
The US federal government has always paid attention to promote the funding of college students by legislation. The process of college student financial aid legislation can be divided into three stages, which reflects the following characteristics: to highlight the "fairness and efficiency" of legislative purpose; to have Strong operability; to legislate and revise it timely based on social changes; to emphasize the complementarity amorg different bills. The effects are remarkable: it expands ordinary people’s higher education opportunities,promotes the development of American higher education system, leads the direction of top talent training in the core areas of the US, and improves the student funding mechanism. It is of important reference significance for the development of Chinese College Student Financial Aid policies and regulations system.
引文
[1]U.S.Department of Education.Fulbright Student ProgramHistory[R].Washington D.C.:U.S.Department of Education,2018.
[2]United States House of Representatives.National Defense Education Act[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,1958.
[3]高嵩.当代美国联邦政府大学生资助政策研究[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2007(1).
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[5]The United States Federal Government.America COMPETESAct[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,2007.
[6]U.S.Department of Education.Higher Education Opportunity Act[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,2008.
[7]United States House of Representatives.Higher Education Act of 1965[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,1965.
[8]The United States Federal Government.American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,2009.
[9]United States House of Representatives.The Higher Education Amendments of 1986(P.L.99-498):A Summary of Provisions.87-187 EPW[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,1987.
[10]RIDDLE W C.National Security Education Act of 1991:Summary and analysis[R].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,1911.
[11]郝艳萍.美国联邦政府干预高等教育机制的确立[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2015:113-114.
[12]National Center for Education Statistics.Federal on-budget funds for education,by level/educational purpose,agency,and program:Selected fiscal years,1970 through 2016[EB/OL].[2018-05-27].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_401.30.asp?current=yes.
[13]National Center for Education Statistics.Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions,by attendance status,sex of student,and control of institution:Selected years,1947 through 2027[EB/OL].[2018-05-31].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_303.10.asp.
[14]National Center for Education Statistics.Percentage of recent high school completers enrolled in college,by income level:1975 through 2016[EB/OL].(2017-07)[2018-08-25].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_302.30.asp.
[15]National Center for Education Statistics.Percentage of 18-to 24-year-olds enrolled in college,by level of institution and sex and race/ethnicity of student:1970 through 2016[EB/OL].(2017-07)[2018-08-05].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_302.60.asp.
[16]National Center for Education Statistics.Fast facts:Enrollment[EB/OL].[2018-05-31].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/ch_3.asp.
[17]National Center for Education Statistics.Recent high school completers and their enrollment in college,by sex and level of institution:1960 through 2016[EB/OL].[2018-08-05].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_302.10.asp.
[18]National Center for Education Statistics.Degree-granting postsecondary institutions,by control and level of institution:Selected years,1949-50 through 2016-17[EB/OL].[2018-06-22].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_317.10.asp?current=yes.
[19]National Center for Education Statistics.Earned degrees in mathematics\1\conferred by institutions of higher education,by level of degree and sex of student:1949-50to 1992-93[EB/OL].[2018-08-22].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d95/dtab282.asp.
[20]SJOQUIST D L.State merit aid programs and college major:A focus on STEM[J].Journal of Labor Economics,2015,33(4):973-1006.
[21]National Center for Education Statistics.Doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions,by field of study:Selected years,1970-71 through 2015-16[EB/OL].[2018-05-13].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_324.10.asp?current=yes.
[22]伯曼,斯蒂弗斯.美国学生贷款的兴起与高等教育资源依赖的演变[J].北京大学教育评论,2016(1).
[23]United States House of Representatives.Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act[EB/OL].(2018-07-31)[2018-08-05].https://edworkforce.house.gov/uploadedfiles/strengthening_career_and_technical_education_for_the_21st_century_bill_summary.pdf.
[24]杨克瑞.战后美国联邦政府大学生资助政策研究[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008:248-251.
[25]刘旭东,梁丽,甘少杰.美国联邦政府高等教育财政资助立法的历史发展与启示[J].河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2015(2).
[26]沈红,赵永辉.美国高校学生资助政策变革及其效应[J].高等工程教育研究,2014(4).
(1)副学士学位授予数、学士学位授予数、硕士学位授予数、博士学位授予数均根据National Center for Education Statistics的相关数据计算而得。
[2]United States House of Representatives.National Defense Education Act[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,1958.
[3]高嵩.当代美国联邦政府大学生资助政策研究[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2007(1).
[4]The United States Federal Government.College Cost Reduction and Access Act[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,2007.
[5]The United States Federal Government.America COMPETESAct[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,2007.
[6]U.S.Department of Education.Higher Education Opportunity Act[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,2008.
[7]United States House of Representatives.Higher Education Act of 1965[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,1965.
[8]The United States Federal Government.American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,2009.
[9]United States House of Representatives.The Higher Education Amendments of 1986(P.L.99-498):A Summary of Provisions.87-187 EPW[Z].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,1987.
[10]RIDDLE W C.National Security Education Act of 1991:Summary and analysis[R].Washington D.C.:United States House of Representatives,1911.
[11]郝艳萍.美国联邦政府干预高等教育机制的确立[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2015:113-114.
[12]National Center for Education Statistics.Federal on-budget funds for education,by level/educational purpose,agency,and program:Selected fiscal years,1970 through 2016[EB/OL].[2018-05-27].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_401.30.asp?current=yes.
[13]National Center for Education Statistics.Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions,by attendance status,sex of student,and control of institution:Selected years,1947 through 2027[EB/OL].[2018-05-31].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_303.10.asp.
[14]National Center for Education Statistics.Percentage of recent high school completers enrolled in college,by income level:1975 through 2016[EB/OL].(2017-07)[2018-08-25].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_302.30.asp.
[15]National Center for Education Statistics.Percentage of 18-to 24-year-olds enrolled in college,by level of institution and sex and race/ethnicity of student:1970 through 2016[EB/OL].(2017-07)[2018-08-05].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_302.60.asp.
[16]National Center for Education Statistics.Fast facts:Enrollment[EB/OL].[2018-05-31].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/ch_3.asp.
[17]National Center for Education Statistics.Recent high school completers and their enrollment in college,by sex and level of institution:1960 through 2016[EB/OL].[2018-08-05].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_302.10.asp.
[18]National Center for Education Statistics.Degree-granting postsecondary institutions,by control and level of institution:Selected years,1949-50 through 2016-17[EB/OL].[2018-06-22].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_317.10.asp?current=yes.
[19]National Center for Education Statistics.Earned degrees in mathematics\1\conferred by institutions of higher education,by level of degree and sex of student:1949-50to 1992-93[EB/OL].[2018-08-22].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d95/dtab282.asp.
[20]SJOQUIST D L.State merit aid programs and college major:A focus on STEM[J].Journal of Labor Economics,2015,33(4):973-1006.
[21]National Center for Education Statistics.Doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions,by field of study:Selected years,1970-71 through 2015-16[EB/OL].[2018-05-13].https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d17/tables/dt17_324.10.asp?current=yes.
[22]伯曼,斯蒂弗斯.美国学生贷款的兴起与高等教育资源依赖的演变[J].北京大学教育评论,2016(1).
[23]United States House of Representatives.Strengthening Career and Technical Education for the 21st Century Act[EB/OL].(2018-07-31)[2018-08-05].https://edworkforce.house.gov/uploadedfiles/strengthening_career_and_technical_education_for_the_21st_century_bill_summary.pdf.
[24]杨克瑞.战后美国联邦政府大学生资助政策研究[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008:248-251.
[25]刘旭东,梁丽,甘少杰.美国联邦政府高等教育财政资助立法的历史发展与启示[J].河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2015(2).
[26]沈红,赵永辉.美国高校学生资助政策变革及其效应[J].高等工程教育研究,2014(4).
(1)副学士学位授予数、学士学位授予数、硕士学位授予数、博士学位授予数均根据National Center for Education Statistics的相关数据计算而得。