家庭教养方式对学龄前儿童行为和情绪问题的影响
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摘要
目的探讨家庭教养方式与学龄前儿童行为和情绪问题的关联性,为促进学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题的早期家庭干预提供参考。方法采用整群抽样方法,使用自编一般情况调查表、父母版长处和困难问卷(SDQ)及父母教养方式量表(EMPU-P)对安徽省3个地区2 553名学龄前儿童的父母或其他监护人进行调查,分析家庭教养方式与学龄前儿童行为和情绪问题的关联性。结果学龄前儿童同伴交往异常检出率最高,为21.6%;其次为多动、困难总分、情绪症状、品行问题和亲社会行为问题,异常检出率分别为16.9%,10.8%,10.1%,9.9%和7.8%。多元Logistic回归分析结果显示,拒绝和控制/过度保护能够增加学龄前儿童行为和情绪问题的风险,情感温暖能够降低儿童行为和情绪问题的风险。分层分析显示,母亲的拒绝和控制/过度保护以及父亲拒绝均会增加学龄前儿童行为和情绪问题的风险,父母的情感温暖能够降低儿童行为和情绪问题的风险,但是父亲控制/过度保护与学龄前儿童行为和情绪问题无关(P>0.05);其他监护人仅表现为拒绝能够增加学龄前儿童同伴交往问题异常的风险、情感温暖能够降低困难总分异常的风险(P值均<0.05)。结论家庭教养方式会影响学龄前儿童行为和情绪问题的发生风险,且母亲教养方式与学龄前儿童行为和情绪问题关联性更强。
Objective To explore the relationships between parental rearing styles with emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children. Methods A total of 2 553 preschool children were selected in three cities of Anhui province,using a stratified cluster sampling method. Parents or primary caregivers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire( SDQ),Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran-own memories of parental rearing practices in childhood( EMBU). Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationships between parental rearing styles with emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children.Results The most common behavior problem was peer problems( 21.6%),followed by hyperactivity/inattention( 16.9%),total difficulties( 10.8%),emotional problems( 10.1%),conduct problems( 9.9%) and prosocial behaviors( 7.8%). Multivariate Logistic regression indicated that the rejection and control attempts were positively,while emotional warmth was negatively associated with the risk of emotional and behavioral problems. Stratified analysis showed that the maternal rejection and control attempts and the paternal rejection were positively,while parental emotional warmth were negatively associated with the risk of emotional and behavioral problems. However,the relationship between paternal control attempts with emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children have not been found( P>0.05). Conclusion The findings suggest that parental rearing styles,especially maternal rearing styles,play a role in the development of emotional and behavioral problems among preschool children.
Objective To explore the relationships between parental rearing styles with emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children. Methods A total of 2 553 preschool children were selected in three cities of Anhui province,using a stratified cluster sampling method. Parents or primary caregivers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire( SDQ),Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran-own memories of parental rearing practices in childhood( EMBU). Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationships between parental rearing styles with emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children.Results The most common behavior problem was peer problems( 21.6%),followed by hyperactivity/inattention( 16.9%),total difficulties( 10.8%),emotional problems( 10.1%),conduct problems( 9.9%) and prosocial behaviors( 7.8%). Multivariate Logistic regression indicated that the rejection and control attempts were positively,while emotional warmth was negatively associated with the risk of emotional and behavioral problems. Stratified analysis showed that the maternal rejection and control attempts and the paternal rejection were positively,while parental emotional warmth were negatively associated with the risk of emotional and behavioral problems. However,the relationship between paternal control attempts with emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children have not been found( P>0.05). Conclusion The findings suggest that parental rearing styles,especially maternal rearing styles,play a role in the development of emotional and behavioral problems among preschool children.
引文
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[4]张雨琪,刘俐,孙灯利,等.父母教养方式和3岁学龄前儿童品行问题的关系[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,2017,43(4):229-233.
[5]胡敏,静进,金宇,等.广州市黄埔区学龄前儿童行为问题及影响因素的横断面调查[J].中国循证儿科杂志,2012,7(1):11-18.
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[10]RUTAYISIRE E,WU X,HUANG K,et al.Childhood emotional and behavior problems and their associations with cesarean delivery[J].Rev Bras Psiquiatr,2017,40(2):145-153.
[11]HEIKKIL K,SACKER A,KELLY Y,et al.Breast feeding and child behaviour in the Millennium Cohort Study[J].Arch Dis Child,2011,96(7):635-642.
[12]KRAMER M S,FOMBONNE E,MATUSH L,et al.Long-term behavioural consequences of infant feeding:the limits of observational studies[J].Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol,2011,25(6):500-506.
[13]陈云晓,RUTAYISIRE E,伍晓艳,等.学龄前儿童睡眠状况与情绪和行为问题的关联性研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2017,38(9):1191-1196.
[14]汪燕妮,薛红丽,陈倩.家庭亲密度和适应性对学龄前儿童行为问题的影响[J].中国当代儿科杂志,2016,18(5):421-425.
[15]陈静,刘漪,杜亚松.中小班学龄前儿童父母亲职压力与儿童心理状况的影响因素研究[J].中国儿童保健杂志,2018,26(7):737-740.
[16]SCOTT S,LEWSEY J,THOMPSON L,et al.Early parental physical punishment and emotional and behavioural outcomes in preschool children[J].Child Care Health Dev,2014,40(3):337-345.
[17]MINATOYA M,ITOH S,ARAKI A,et al.Associated factors of behavioural problems in children at preschool age:the Hokkaido study on environment and children’s health[J].Child Care Health Dev,2017,43(3):385-392.
[18]DAVIS E,SAWYER M G,LO S K,et al.Socioeconomic risk factors for mental health problems in 4-5-year-old children:Australian population study[J].Acad Pediatr,2010,10(1):41-47.
[19]刘起,张琦,黄向,等.基于气质的学龄前儿童行为问题结构方程模型的研究[J].中国妇幼保健,2013,28(3):436-438.
[20]WESTRUPP E M,MENSAH F K,GIALLO R,et al.Mental health in low-to-moderate risk preterm,low birth weight,and small for gestational age children at 4 to 5 years:the role of early maternal parenting[J].J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry,2012,51(3):313-323.
[21]胡敏,静进.学龄前儿童行为问题影响因素研究进展[J].中国学校卫生,2011,32(4):509-512.
[22]栾风焕,杜亚松,江文庆,等.上海市区学龄期儿童情绪和行为问题及其影响因素研究[J].中国儿童保健杂志,2018,26(2):137-140.
[23]CASTRO J,DE PABLO J,GóMEZ J,et al.Assessing rearing behaviour from the perspective of the parents:a new form of the EMBU[J].Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol,1997,32(4):230-235.
[24]PERRIS C,JACOBSSON L,LINNDSTR M H,et al.Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour[J].Acta Psychiatr Scand,1980,61(4):265-274.
[25]GOODMAN R.The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire:a research note[J].J Child Psychol Psychiatry,1997,38(5):581-586.
[26]BORG A M,KAUKONEN P,SALMELIN R,et al.Reliability of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire among Finnish 4-9-year-old children[J].Nord J Psychiatry,2012,66(6):403-413.
[27]DOI Y,ISHIHARA K,UCHIYAMA M.Reliability of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in Japanese preschool children aged 4-6years[J].J Epidemiol,2014,24(6):514-518.
[28]NICLASEN J,TEASDALE T W,ANDERSEN A M N,et al.Psychometric properties of the Danish Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire:the SDQ assessed for more than 70,000 raters in four different cohorts[J].PLoS One,2012,7(2):e32025.
[29]寇建华,杜亚松,夏黎明.儿童长处和困难问卷(父母版)上海常模的信度和效度[J].上海精神医学,2005,17(1):25-28.
[30]刘书君.长处和困难问卷(SDQ)中文版的信度和效度研究[D].成都:四川大学,2006.
[31]杨玉凤.儿童发育行为心理评定量表[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2016:373-376.
[32]FUCHS S,KLEIN A M,OTTO Y,et al.Prevalence of emotional and behavioral symptoms and their impact on daily life activities in a community sample of 3 to 5-year-old children[J].Child Psychiatry Hum Dev,2013,44(4):493-503.
[33]SYED E U,HUSSEIN S A.Prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems among primary school children in Karachi,Pakistan:multi informant survey[J].Indian J Pediatr,2009,76(6):623-627.
[34]WU X,TAO S,RUTAYISIRE E,et al.The relationship between screen time,nighttime sleep duration,and behavioural problems in preschool children in China[J].Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry,2017,26(5):541-548.
[35]CHENG S,MAEDA T,YOICHI S,et al.Early television exposure and children’s behavioral and social outcomes at age 30 months[J].J Epidemiol,2010,20(Supplement_II):S482-S489.
[36]黄静.学龄前儿童社会退缩行为与家庭教养方式、亲子依恋及同伴接纳的关系[D].沈阳:沈阳师范大学,2013.
[37]叶婷婷,陈莹,范方.父母教养方式与儿童情绪行为问题的关系:睡眠的中介作用[C].中国睡眠研究会第九届学术年会.上海,2016:1.
[38]FUCHS A,M HLER E,RECK C,et al.The early mother-to-child bond and its unique prospective contribution to child behavior evaluated by mothers and teachers[J].Psychopathology,2016,49(4):211-216.
[39]FLOURI E,NARAYANAN M,MIDOUHAS E.The cross-lagged relationship between father absence and child problem behaviour in the early years[J].Child Care Health Dev,2015,41(6):1090-1097.
[40]赵蓉.父亲和母亲对儿童长处与困难问卷回答的一致性研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2011.
[2]SYED E U,HUSSEIN S A,MAHMUD S.Screening for emotional and behavioural problems amongst 5-11-year-old school children in Karachi,Pakistan[J].Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol,2007,42(5):421-427.
[3]王硕,赫英英,田甜,等.山东省农村3~6岁儿童情绪和行为问题调查分析[J].中国儿童保健杂志,2014,22(6):583-585,590.
[4]张雨琪,刘俐,孙灯利,等.父母教养方式和3岁学龄前儿童品行问题的关系[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,2017,43(4):229-233.
[5]胡敏,静进,金宇,等.广州市黄埔区学龄前儿童行为问题及影响因素的横断面调查[J].中国循证儿科杂志,2012,7(1):11-18.
[6]WEITZMAN C C,LEVENTHAL J M.Screening for behavioral health problems in primary care[J].Curr Opin Pediatr,2006,18(6):641-648.
[7]KJAER D,CHRISTENSEN J,BECH B,et al.Preschool behavioral problems in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs:a follow-up study[J].Epilepsy Behav,2013,29(2):407-411.
[8]陈星,鲍慧惠,吴皖珂,等.孕期双酚A暴露对学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题的影响[J].中华流行病学杂志,2018,39(2):188-193.
[9]CARSON C,REDSHAW M,SACKER A,et al.Effects of pregnancy planning,fertility,and assisted reproductive treatment on child behavioral problems at 5 and 7 years:evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study[J].Fertil Steril,2013,99(2):456-463.
[10]RUTAYISIRE E,WU X,HUANG K,et al.Childhood emotional and behavior problems and their associations with cesarean delivery[J].Rev Bras Psiquiatr,2017,40(2):145-153.
[11]HEIKKIL K,SACKER A,KELLY Y,et al.Breast feeding and child behaviour in the Millennium Cohort Study[J].Arch Dis Child,2011,96(7):635-642.
[12]KRAMER M S,FOMBONNE E,MATUSH L,et al.Long-term behavioural consequences of infant feeding:the limits of observational studies[J].Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol,2011,25(6):500-506.
[13]陈云晓,RUTAYISIRE E,伍晓艳,等.学龄前儿童睡眠状况与情绪和行为问题的关联性研究[J].中华流行病学杂志,2017,38(9):1191-1196.
[14]汪燕妮,薛红丽,陈倩.家庭亲密度和适应性对学龄前儿童行为问题的影响[J].中国当代儿科杂志,2016,18(5):421-425.
[15]陈静,刘漪,杜亚松.中小班学龄前儿童父母亲职压力与儿童心理状况的影响因素研究[J].中国儿童保健杂志,2018,26(7):737-740.
[16]SCOTT S,LEWSEY J,THOMPSON L,et al.Early parental physical punishment and emotional and behavioural outcomes in preschool children[J].Child Care Health Dev,2014,40(3):337-345.
[17]MINATOYA M,ITOH S,ARAKI A,et al.Associated factors of behavioural problems in children at preschool age:the Hokkaido study on environment and children’s health[J].Child Care Health Dev,2017,43(3):385-392.
[18]DAVIS E,SAWYER M G,LO S K,et al.Socioeconomic risk factors for mental health problems in 4-5-year-old children:Australian population study[J].Acad Pediatr,2010,10(1):41-47.
[19]刘起,张琦,黄向,等.基于气质的学龄前儿童行为问题结构方程模型的研究[J].中国妇幼保健,2013,28(3):436-438.
[20]WESTRUPP E M,MENSAH F K,GIALLO R,et al.Mental health in low-to-moderate risk preterm,low birth weight,and small for gestational age children at 4 to 5 years:the role of early maternal parenting[J].J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry,2012,51(3):313-323.
[21]胡敏,静进.学龄前儿童行为问题影响因素研究进展[J].中国学校卫生,2011,32(4):509-512.
[22]栾风焕,杜亚松,江文庆,等.上海市区学龄期儿童情绪和行为问题及其影响因素研究[J].中国儿童保健杂志,2018,26(2):137-140.
[23]CASTRO J,DE PABLO J,GóMEZ J,et al.Assessing rearing behaviour from the perspective of the parents:a new form of the EMBU[J].Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol,1997,32(4):230-235.
[24]PERRIS C,JACOBSSON L,LINNDSTR M H,et al.Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour[J].Acta Psychiatr Scand,1980,61(4):265-274.
[25]GOODMAN R.The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire:a research note[J].J Child Psychol Psychiatry,1997,38(5):581-586.
[26]BORG A M,KAUKONEN P,SALMELIN R,et al.Reliability of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire among Finnish 4-9-year-old children[J].Nord J Psychiatry,2012,66(6):403-413.
[27]DOI Y,ISHIHARA K,UCHIYAMA M.Reliability of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in Japanese preschool children aged 4-6years[J].J Epidemiol,2014,24(6):514-518.
[28]NICLASEN J,TEASDALE T W,ANDERSEN A M N,et al.Psychometric properties of the Danish Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire:the SDQ assessed for more than 70,000 raters in four different cohorts[J].PLoS One,2012,7(2):e32025.
[29]寇建华,杜亚松,夏黎明.儿童长处和困难问卷(父母版)上海常模的信度和效度[J].上海精神医学,2005,17(1):25-28.
[30]刘书君.长处和困难问卷(SDQ)中文版的信度和效度研究[D].成都:四川大学,2006.
[31]杨玉凤.儿童发育行为心理评定量表[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2016:373-376.
[32]FUCHS S,KLEIN A M,OTTO Y,et al.Prevalence of emotional and behavioral symptoms and their impact on daily life activities in a community sample of 3 to 5-year-old children[J].Child Psychiatry Hum Dev,2013,44(4):493-503.
[33]SYED E U,HUSSEIN S A.Prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems among primary school children in Karachi,Pakistan:multi informant survey[J].Indian J Pediatr,2009,76(6):623-627.
[34]WU X,TAO S,RUTAYISIRE E,et al.The relationship between screen time,nighttime sleep duration,and behavioural problems in preschool children in China[J].Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry,2017,26(5):541-548.
[35]CHENG S,MAEDA T,YOICHI S,et al.Early television exposure and children’s behavioral and social outcomes at age 30 months[J].J Epidemiol,2010,20(Supplement_II):S482-S489.
[36]黄静.学龄前儿童社会退缩行为与家庭教养方式、亲子依恋及同伴接纳的关系[D].沈阳:沈阳师范大学,2013.
[37]叶婷婷,陈莹,范方.父母教养方式与儿童情绪行为问题的关系:睡眠的中介作用[C].中国睡眠研究会第九届学术年会.上海,2016:1.
[38]FUCHS A,M HLER E,RECK C,et al.The early mother-to-child bond and its unique prospective contribution to child behavior evaluated by mothers and teachers[J].Psychopathology,2016,49(4):211-216.
[39]FLOURI E,NARAYANAN M,MIDOUHAS E.The cross-lagged relationship between father absence and child problem behaviour in the early years[J].Child Care Health Dev,2015,41(6):1090-1097.
[40]赵蓉.父亲和母亲对儿童长处与困难问卷回答的一致性研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2011.