普里兹湾虎鲸回声定位信号脉冲间隔特征分析
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摘要
根据2017年中国第33次南极科考期间获取的普里兹湾虎鲸声信号观测资料,采用Teager能量算子法对虎鲸回声定位信号进行了检测,并分析了其脉冲间隔的统计特征。对115段回声定位信号的参数分析结果显示:脉冲间隔的范围为10.5～183.5 ms,均值与标准差分别为67.5和27.6 ms。进一步分析,发现脉冲间隔数值的变化具有显著的规律性,根据拟合表达式可以将信号分成5种类型:加速型、减速型、匀速型、先减速后加速型、先加速后减速型。其中减速型的总体占比最高,为58.3%;其次为匀速型与加速型,分别为20.0%,14.8%;其余2类占比最低,均仅为3.5%。普里兹湾虎鲸回声定位信号脉冲间隔规律性变化可能是虎鲸调节其信号以适应活动海域多海冰环境的结果。此外,加速型、减速型、匀速型与先减速后加速型、先加速后减速型的脉冲间隔参数存在较大差异,且后2种类型的-3 dB带宽以及峰值频率与脉冲间隔存在显著的负相关关系,这表明虎鲸在发出后两种类型的回声定位信号时处理的情况与前3种类型相比可能更为复杂与特殊。
During the 33 rd Antarctic scientific expedition of China, the echolocation signals of killer whales were recorded in the Prydz Bay. The Teager energy operator method was used to detect the echolocation signals of the killer whales, and statistical characteristics of the pulse interval were analyzed. Analysis of 115 echolocation signals revealed that the pulse interval ranges from 10.5 ms to 183.5 ms, and its mean value and standard deviation are 67.5 ms and 27.6 ms, respectively. Further analysis showed that the change of pulse interval exhibit an obvious regularity. According to the fitted curve, signals can be classified into 5 types: acceleration type, deceleration type, uniform type, acceleration first then deceleration type, and deceleration first then acceleration type. Among those types, the deceleration type accounts for the highest proportion, 58.3%, followed by acceleration type and uniform type, which are 14.8% and 20.0%, respectively. While the other two types account for the least proportion, each of them is only 3.5%. The regular variation of pulse interval of the echolocation signal may be the result of the killer whales in the Prydz Bay to adjust their signals to adapt to the sea ice-rich environment. In addition, there is significant differences in pulse interval parameters among the five types of signals, and the-3 dB bandwidth and peak frequency of the last two types show negative correlations with their pulse interval, indicating that the echolocation signal processing of the last two types of signals may be more complex and special.
During the 33 rd Antarctic scientific expedition of China, the echolocation signals of killer whales were recorded in the Prydz Bay. The Teager energy operator method was used to detect the echolocation signals of the killer whales, and statistical characteristics of the pulse interval were analyzed. Analysis of 115 echolocation signals revealed that the pulse interval ranges from 10.5 ms to 183.5 ms, and its mean value and standard deviation are 67.5 ms and 27.6 ms, respectively. Further analysis showed that the change of pulse interval exhibit an obvious regularity. According to the fitted curve, signals can be classified into 5 types: acceleration type, deceleration type, uniform type, acceleration first then deceleration type, and deceleration first then acceleration type. Among those types, the deceleration type accounts for the highest proportion, 58.3%, followed by acceleration type and uniform type, which are 14.8% and 20.0%, respectively. While the other two types account for the least proportion, each of them is only 3.5%. The regular variation of pulse interval of the echolocation signal may be the result of the killer whales in the Prydz Bay to adjust their signals to adapt to the sea ice-rich environment. In addition, there is significant differences in pulse interval parameters among the five types of signals, and the-3 dB bandwidth and peak frequency of the last two types show negative correlations with their pulse interval, indicating that the echolocation signal processing of the last two types of signals may be more complex and special.
引文
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[21] KAISER J F.On a simple algorithm to calculate the ‘energy’ of a signal[J].Bell Communications Research,1990,7(3):381-384.
[22] KANDIA V,STYLIANOU Y.Detection of sperm whale clicks based on the Teager-Kaiser energy operator[J].Applied Acoustics,2006,67(11):1144-1163.
[23] AU W W L,FLOYD R W,PENNER R H,et al.Measurement of echolocation signals of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin,Tursiops truncatus Montagu,in open waters[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1974,56(4):1280-1290.
[24] AU W W L,PENNER R H,TURL C W.Propagation of beluga echolocation signals[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1987,82(3):807-813.
[25] TURL C W,PENNER R H.Differences in echolocation click patterns of the beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1989,86(2):497-502.
[26] TOMONARI A,WANG D,WANG K X,et al.Biosonar behaviour of free-ranging porpoises[J].Proceedings:Biological Sciences,2005,272(1565):797-801.
[27] FANG L.Studied on characteristics of echolocation signals of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis)and Yangtze finless porpoises(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)[D].Wuhan:Institute of Hydrobiology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015.方亮.中华白海豚和长江江豚回声定位信号特征研究[D].武汉:中国科学院水声生物研究所,2015.
[2] FORD J K B.Acoustic behavior of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Vancouver Island[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,1989,67(3):727-745.
[3] THOMSEN F,FRANCK D,FORD J K B.On the communicative significance of whistles in wild killer whales (Orcinus orca)[J].Die Naturwissenschaften,2002,89(9):404-407.
[4] FORD J K B.Vocal traditions among resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in coastal waters of British Columbia[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,1991,69(6):1454-1483.
[5] MILLER P J.Mixed-directionality of killer whale stereotyped calls:a direction of movement cue[J].Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology,2002,52(3):262-270.
[6] MILLER P J,SHAPIRO A D,TYACK P L,et al.Call-type matching in vocal exchanges of free-ranging resident killer whales (Orcinus orca)[J].Animal Behaviour,2004,67(6):1099-1107.
[7] SIMON M,MCGREGOR P K,UGARTE F.The relationship between the acoustic behaviour and surface activity of killer whales (Orcinus orca) that feed on herring (Clupea harengus)[J].Acta Ethologica,2007,10(2):47-53.
[8] BARRETT-LENNARD L G,FORD J K B,HEISE K A.The mixed blessing of echolocation:differences in sonar use by fish-eating and mammal-eating killer whales[J].Animal Behaviour,1996,51(3):553-565.
[9] SAMARRA F I,DEECKE V B,MILLER P J.Low-frequency signals produced by Northeast Atlantic killer whales (Orcinus orca)[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2016,139(3):1149-1157.
[10] GASSMANN M,HENDERSON E E,WIGGINS S M,et al.Offshore killer whale tracking using multiple hydrophone arrays[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2013,134(5):3513-3521.
[11] AU W W L,FORD J K B,HORNE J K,et al.Echolocation signals of free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) and modeling of foraging for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2004,115(2):901-909.
[12] SIMON M,WAHLBERG M,MILLER L A.Echolocation clicks from killer whales (Orcinus orca) feeding on herring (Clupea harengus)[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2007,121(2):749-752.
[13] ESKESEN I G,WAHLBERG M,SIMON M,et al.Comparison of echolocation clicks from geographically sympatric killer whales and long-finned pilot whales (L)[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2011,130(1):9-12.
[14] FILATOVA O A,SAMARRA F I P,BARRETTLENNARD L G,et al.Physical constraints of cultural evolution of dialects in killer whales[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2016,140(5):3755-3764.
[15] SIMON M,UGARTE F,WAHLBERG M,et al.Icelandic killer whales (Orcinus orca) use a pulsed call suitable for manipulating the schooling behaviour of herring[J].Bioacoustics,2006,16(1):57-74.
[16] RICHARDSON J,WOOD A G,NEIL A,et al.Changes in distribution,relative abundance,and species composition of large whales around South Georgia from opportunistic sightings:1992 to 2011[J].Endangered Species Research,2012,19(2):149-156.
[17] AU W W L.The sonar of dolphins[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1993:585-586.
[18] TRICKEY J S,REYES M V R,BAUMANN-PICKERING S,et al.Acoustic encounters of killer and beaked whales during the 2014 SORP cruise[C]//REBECCA L.International Whaling Commission.Portoro?,Slovenian.2014:SC/65b/SM12.
[19] REYES M V R,BAUMANN-PICKERING S,SIMONIS A,et al.High-Frequency modulated signals recorded off the Antarctic Peninsula area:are killer whales emitting them?[J].Acoustics Australia,2017,45(2):1-8.
[20] SOLDEVILLA M S,HENDERSON E E,CAMPBELL G S,et al.Classification of Risso's and Pacific white-sided dolphins using spectral properties of echolocation clicks[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2008,124(1):609-624.
[21] KAISER J F.On a simple algorithm to calculate the ‘energy’ of a signal[J].Bell Communications Research,1990,7(3):381-384.
[22] KANDIA V,STYLIANOU Y.Detection of sperm whale clicks based on the Teager-Kaiser energy operator[J].Applied Acoustics,2006,67(11):1144-1163.
[23] AU W W L,FLOYD R W,PENNER R H,et al.Measurement of echolocation signals of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin,Tursiops truncatus Montagu,in open waters[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1974,56(4):1280-1290.
[24] AU W W L,PENNER R H,TURL C W.Propagation of beluga echolocation signals[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1987,82(3):807-813.
[25] TURL C W,PENNER R H.Differences in echolocation click patterns of the beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1989,86(2):497-502.
[26] TOMONARI A,WANG D,WANG K X,et al.Biosonar behaviour of free-ranging porpoises[J].Proceedings:Biological Sciences,2005,272(1565):797-801.
[27] FANG L.Studied on characteristics of echolocation signals of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins(Sousa chinensis)and Yangtze finless porpoises(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)[D].Wuhan:Institute of Hydrobiology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015.方亮.中华白海豚和长江江豚回声定位信号特征研究[D].武汉:中国科学院水声生物研究所,2015.