农民工不同层次教育回报的异质性——基于收入分布与不同群体的比较
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摘要
基于2016年全国流动人口动态监测数据,从收入分布和性别、城市规模及代际三个群体维度,实证分析了农民工不同层次教育回报的异质性,结果表明:伴随收入分位的变化,不同层次的教育表现出不同的收益变化趋势,收入分位越高,大学及以上学历的回报越高,初中和高中/中专学历的回报越低。在不同收入分位上,女性的教育回报均高于男性;当收入分位较低时,中小城市和新生代农民工的教育回报分别高于大城市和老一代农民工,但随着收入分位的提高,则后者的教育回报先后实现反超。教育对不同农民工群体收入差距具有不同影响,不同性别农民工教育回报的差异较小;相对于中小城市而言,大城市农民工有更好的教育回报;教育的禀赋优势,尤其是更丰裕的高等教育禀赋,则是新生代农民工收入超越老一代农民工的重要因素。
Based on the dynamic monitoring data of 2016 national migrant population, an empirical study was conducted to analyze the heterogeneity of rural migrant workers' educational returns in three dimensions: income distribution, city scale and intergeneration. The findings showed that the income of participants with different educational backgrounds tends to diverge with the changes in the income quartile. The higher the income quartile, the higher the educational returns of the participants with college education and above, and the lower the educational returns of those with junior middle school and high school/secondary education. On average the females' educational returns are higher than the males' in terms of different income quartile. When income quantile is lower, the educational returns of rural migrant workers from small and medium cities and the new generation are respectively higher than that of those from big cities and older generation. But with the improvement of income quantile, the educational returns of the latter surpass the former successively. Education has different effects on the income gap among different rural migrant worker groups, with a slight divergence in educational returns of different genders. Compared with those from small and medium cities, rural migrant workers from big cities enjoy better educational returns. The educational endowment strength, especially that of the higher education, is a major factor in generating the much higher income of the new generation than that of the older generation.
Based on the dynamic monitoring data of 2016 national migrant population, an empirical study was conducted to analyze the heterogeneity of rural migrant workers' educational returns in three dimensions: income distribution, city scale and intergeneration. The findings showed that the income of participants with different educational backgrounds tends to diverge with the changes in the income quartile. The higher the income quartile, the higher the educational returns of the participants with college education and above, and the lower the educational returns of those with junior middle school and high school/secondary education. On average the females' educational returns are higher than the males' in terms of different income quartile. When income quantile is lower, the educational returns of rural migrant workers from small and medium cities and the new generation are respectively higher than that of those from big cities and older generation. But with the improvement of income quantile, the educational returns of the latter surpass the former successively. Education has different effects on the income gap among different rural migrant worker groups, with a slight divergence in educational returns of different genders. Compared with those from small and medium cities, rural migrant workers from big cities enjoy better educational returns. The educational endowment strength, especially that of the higher education, is a major factor in generating the much higher income of the new generation than that of the older generation.
引文
[1]刘林平,张春泥.农民工工资:人力资本、社会资本、企业制度还是社会环境?--珠江三角洲农民工工资的决定模型[J].社会学研究,2007(6):114-137.
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[3]方超,罗英姿.中国农村居民的教育回报及其变动趋势研究--兼论农村地区人力资本梯度升级的现实意义[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,17(3):74-85.
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[5]Psacharopoulos G.Returns to Education:A Further International Update and Implications[J].Journal of Human Resources,1985,20(4):583-604.
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[7]Balestra S,Backes-Gellner U.Heterogeneous returns to education over the wage distribution:Who profits the most?[J].Labour Economics,2017,44(91):89-105.
[8]Jacob B A.Where the boys aren't:non-cognitive skills,returns to school and the gender gap in higher education[J].Economics of Education Review,2002,21(6):589-598.
[9]Duraisamy P.Changes in returns to education in India,1983-94:by gender,age-cohort and location[J].Economics of Education Review,2002,21(6):609-622.
[10]Welch F.Black-White Differences in Returns to Schooling[J].American Economic Review,1973,63(5):893-907.
[11]Kimmel J.Rural wages and returns to education:Differences between whites,blacks,and American Indians[J].Economics of Education Review,1997,16(1):81-96.
[12]Salehiisfahani D,Tunali I,Assaad R.A Comparative Study of Returns to Education of Urban Men in Egypt,Iran,and Turkey[J].Middle East Development Journal,2009,1(2):145-187.
[13]郑猛.教育扩张下流动人口教育收益率与收入差距[J].教育与经济,2017,33(5):48-60.
[14]李中建.农村迁移劳动力的就业身份与收入差异--基于对北京市流动人口的调查[J].经济经纬,2013(5):30-34.
[15]马小红,段成荣,郭静.四类流动人口的比较研究[J].中国人口科学,2014(5):36-46.
[16]葛玉好.教育回报异质性问题研究[J].南方经济,2007(4):11-21.
[17]邢春冰,贾淑艳,李实.教育回报率的地区差异及其对劳动力流动的影响[J].经济研究,2013(11):114-126.
[18]郝翠红,李建民.不同出生年代组流动人口相对教育回报率的变化[J].南方人口,2017,32(2):22-33.
[19]毕先进,刘林平.农民工的教育收益率上升了吗?--基于2006、2008、2010年珠三角农民工问卷调查的分析[J].人口与发展,2014,20(5):52-60.
[20]谭静,余静文,李小龙.流动人口教育回报率的城乡户籍差异及其原因研究--来自2012年北京、上海、广州流动人口动态监测的经验证据[J].中国农村观察,2017(1):82-96.
[21]王静,武舜臣.教育回报率的职业差异与新生代农民工职业流动--基于2010年流动人口动态监测数据分析[J].教育与经济,2015(6):61-68.
[22]陈昊.婚姻对女性工资的影响:升水还是诅咒?--来自中国家庭收入调查的证据[J].世界经济文汇,2015(2):41-56.
[23]Koenker R,Bassett G.Regression Quantiles[J].Econometrica,1978,46(1):33-50.
[24]朱平芳,张征宇.无条件分位数回归:文献综述与应用实例[J].统计研究,2012,29(3):88-96.
[25]Firpo S,Fortin N M,Lemieux T.Unconditional Quantile Regressions[J].Econometrica,2009,77(3):953-973.
[26]陈技伟,张广胜,郭江影.农民工的就业稳定性及其工资差距--基于无条件分位数分解[J].南方人口,2017,32(3):69-80.
[27]周春芳,苏群.我国农民工与城镇职工就业质量差异及其分解--基于RIF无条件分位数回归的分解法[J].农业技术经济,2018(6):32-43.
[28]周文良,应琦,谌新民.农业转移人口地域歧视的工资效应分析[J].南方经济,2018,37(3):55-67.
[29]刘传江.新生代农民工:特征、问题与对策[J].人口研究,2010,34(2):34-39.
[30]张斐.新生代农民工市民化现状及影响因素分析[J].人口研究,2011,35(6):100-109.
[31]赵西亮.教育、户籍转换与城乡教育收益率差异[J].经济研究,2017(12):164-178.
[32]谭远发.中国大学毕业生性别工资差距分布特征研究--“天花板效应”还是“粘地板效应”[J].人口学刊,2012(6):51-63.
[33]张车伟.人力资本回报率变化与收入差距:“马太效应”及其政策含义[J].经济研究,2006(12):59-70.
(1)限于篇幅,此处仅呈现了0.1分位、0.25分位、0.5分位、0.75分位和0.9分位的估计结果,如需更详细的分位数回归结果,可向作者索取。
(2)大体表现为,低收入分位上,特征差异发挥相对更大的作用,而高收入分位上,系数差异则是中小城市和大城市流动人口收入差距产生的主要原因。
[2]武向荣.中国农民工人力资本收益率研究[J].青年研究,2009(4):34-46.
[3]方超,罗英姿.中国农村居民的教育回报及其变动趋势研究--兼论农村地区人力资本梯度升级的现实意义[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,17(3):74-85.
[4]Psacharopoulos G,Patrinos H A.Returns to investment in education:a further update[J].Education Economics,2004,12(2):111-134.
[5]Psacharopoulos G.Returns to Education:A Further International Update and Implications[J].Journal of Human Resources,1985,20(4):583-604.
[6]Zhang J,Zhao Y,Park A,et al.Economic returns to schooling in urban China,1988 to 2001[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2005,33(4):730-752.
[7]Balestra S,Backes-Gellner U.Heterogeneous returns to education over the wage distribution:Who profits the most?[J].Labour Economics,2017,44(91):89-105.
[8]Jacob B A.Where the boys aren't:non-cognitive skills,returns to school and the gender gap in higher education[J].Economics of Education Review,2002,21(6):589-598.
[9]Duraisamy P.Changes in returns to education in India,1983-94:by gender,age-cohort and location[J].Economics of Education Review,2002,21(6):609-622.
[10]Welch F.Black-White Differences in Returns to Schooling[J].American Economic Review,1973,63(5):893-907.
[11]Kimmel J.Rural wages and returns to education:Differences between whites,blacks,and American Indians[J].Economics of Education Review,1997,16(1):81-96.
[12]Salehiisfahani D,Tunali I,Assaad R.A Comparative Study of Returns to Education of Urban Men in Egypt,Iran,and Turkey[J].Middle East Development Journal,2009,1(2):145-187.
[13]郑猛.教育扩张下流动人口教育收益率与收入差距[J].教育与经济,2017,33(5):48-60.
[14]李中建.农村迁移劳动力的就业身份与收入差异--基于对北京市流动人口的调查[J].经济经纬,2013(5):30-34.
[15]马小红,段成荣,郭静.四类流动人口的比较研究[J].中国人口科学,2014(5):36-46.
[16]葛玉好.教育回报异质性问题研究[J].南方经济,2007(4):11-21.
[17]邢春冰,贾淑艳,李实.教育回报率的地区差异及其对劳动力流动的影响[J].经济研究,2013(11):114-126.
[18]郝翠红,李建民.不同出生年代组流动人口相对教育回报率的变化[J].南方人口,2017,32(2):22-33.
[19]毕先进,刘林平.农民工的教育收益率上升了吗?--基于2006、2008、2010年珠三角农民工问卷调查的分析[J].人口与发展,2014,20(5):52-60.
[20]谭静,余静文,李小龙.流动人口教育回报率的城乡户籍差异及其原因研究--来自2012年北京、上海、广州流动人口动态监测的经验证据[J].中国农村观察,2017(1):82-96.
[21]王静,武舜臣.教育回报率的职业差异与新生代农民工职业流动--基于2010年流动人口动态监测数据分析[J].教育与经济,2015(6):61-68.
[22]陈昊.婚姻对女性工资的影响:升水还是诅咒?--来自中国家庭收入调查的证据[J].世界经济文汇,2015(2):41-56.
[23]Koenker R,Bassett G.Regression Quantiles[J].Econometrica,1978,46(1):33-50.
[24]朱平芳,张征宇.无条件分位数回归:文献综述与应用实例[J].统计研究,2012,29(3):88-96.
[25]Firpo S,Fortin N M,Lemieux T.Unconditional Quantile Regressions[J].Econometrica,2009,77(3):953-973.
[26]陈技伟,张广胜,郭江影.农民工的就业稳定性及其工资差距--基于无条件分位数分解[J].南方人口,2017,32(3):69-80.
[27]周春芳,苏群.我国农民工与城镇职工就业质量差异及其分解--基于RIF无条件分位数回归的分解法[J].农业技术经济,2018(6):32-43.
[28]周文良,应琦,谌新民.农业转移人口地域歧视的工资效应分析[J].南方经济,2018,37(3):55-67.
[29]刘传江.新生代农民工:特征、问题与对策[J].人口研究,2010,34(2):34-39.
[30]张斐.新生代农民工市民化现状及影响因素分析[J].人口研究,2011,35(6):100-109.
[31]赵西亮.教育、户籍转换与城乡教育收益率差异[J].经济研究,2017(12):164-178.
[32]谭远发.中国大学毕业生性别工资差距分布特征研究--“天花板效应”还是“粘地板效应”[J].人口学刊,2012(6):51-63.
[33]张车伟.人力资本回报率变化与收入差距:“马太效应”及其政策含义[J].经济研究,2006(12):59-70.
(1)限于篇幅,此处仅呈现了0.1分位、0.25分位、0.5分位、0.75分位和0.9分位的估计结果,如需更详细的分位数回归结果,可向作者索取。
(2)大体表现为,低收入分位上,特征差异发挥相对更大的作用,而高收入分位上,系数差异则是中小城市和大城市流动人口收入差距产生的主要原因。