基于三维形貌的错动节理非线性渗流特性研究
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摘要
岩石结构面形貌对可变形岩石节理中的渗透特性具有重要影响。为了研究可变形岩石节理中三维形貌对其渗透特性的影响展开了人工错动节理渗透特性实验。实验采用常法向荷载条件,法向荷载采用1.0~5.0 MPa。基于颗粒粗细,选取了三种花岗岩试样进行人工劈裂得到实验试样。采用一种三维形貌参数表征其粗糙度。基于实验结果,分析了节理中的非线性渗透规律,讨论了临街雷诺数及Forchheimer方程,并提出了错动节理中的非线性渗流公式。将提出的公式与已有的研究成果对比分析,包括Forchheimer方程、Izbash经验模型等。讨论了各模型的优缺点。通过对比可知,提出的公式考虑了三维形貌参数,可以看做是对Izbash经验模型的一种扩展,形式上简单,具有重要的工程价值。
Three-dimensional( 3 D) morphology of rock fracture has a great influence on its hydraulic behavior. Experiments of water flow through rock joints are conducted to experimentally investigate the 3 D roughness dependent non-linear flow characteristics in deformable rock fractures. The normal loads range from 1. 0 MPa to 5. 0 MPa. Granite samples with different grain thickness are selected. 3 D morphology parameter is used to describe the joint surface. The non-linear flow characteristics are analyzed. Forchheimer ' s equation and the critical Reynolds number are discussed. A new equation is proposed to describe the non-linear flow in rock fracture. In addition,the proposed formula is compared with existing models including Lomize ' s equation,Forchheimer equation and Izbash ' s law. The advantages and disadvantages of these models are analyzed in detail. The results show that the proposed equation considering 3 D morphology is easier in the structure. It can be seen as an extension of the Izbash's law and has important engineering values.
Three-dimensional( 3 D) morphology of rock fracture has a great influence on its hydraulic behavior. Experiments of water flow through rock joints are conducted to experimentally investigate the 3 D roughness dependent non-linear flow characteristics in deformable rock fractures. The normal loads range from 1. 0 MPa to 5. 0 MPa. Granite samples with different grain thickness are selected. 3 D morphology parameter is used to describe the joint surface. The non-linear flow characteristics are analyzed. Forchheimer ' s equation and the critical Reynolds number are discussed. A new equation is proposed to describe the non-linear flow in rock fracture. In addition,the proposed formula is compared with existing models including Lomize ' s equation,Forchheimer equation and Izbash ' s law. The advantages and disadvantages of these models are analyzed in detail. The results show that the proposed equation considering 3 D morphology is easier in the structure. It can be seen as an extension of the Izbash's law and has important engineering values.
引文
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[20]Li P,Lu W,Long Y,Yang Z,Li J.Seepage analysis in a fractured rock mass:the upper reservoir of Pushihe pumped-storage power station in China[J].Engineering Geology,2008,97(1):53-62.
[21]速宝玉.仿天然岩体裂隙渗流的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,1995,31(6):19-24.
[22]许光祥,张永兴,哈秋舲.粗糙裂隙渗流的超立方和次立方定律及其试验研究[J].水利学报,2003,(3):74-79.
[23]Raven K G,Gale J E.Water flow in a natural rock fracture as a function of stress and sample size[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1985,22(4):251-261.
[24]耿克勤.复杂岩基的渗流、力学及其耦合分析研究以及工程应用[D].北京:清华大学,1994.
[25]Olsson R,Barton N.An improved model for hydromechanical coupling during shearing of rock joints[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2001,38(3):317-329.
[26]Hong E S,Lee J S,Lee I M.Underestimation of roughness in rough rock joints[J].International journal for numerical and analytical methods in geomechanics,2008,32(11):1 385-1 403.
[27]Grasselli G,Wirth J,Egger P.Quantitative three-dimensional description of a rough surface and parameter evolution with shearing[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2002,39(6):789-800.
[28]Tatone BS,Grasselli G.A new 2D discontinuity roughness parameter and its correlation with JRC[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2010,47:1 391-1 400.
[29]LOUIS C.A study of groundwater flow in jointed rock and its influence on the stability of rock masses[M].Imperial College of Science and Technology,1969.
[30]Amadei B,Saeb S.Constitutive models of rock joints[C]∥/International symposium on rock joints,1990.
[2]Mandal A,Chakravarthy C P,Nanda A,et al.Analysis and design approach for large storage caverns[J].International Journal of Geomechanics,2011,13(1):69-75.
[3]Wu Y S,LAI B,Miskimins J L,et al.Analysis of multiphase nonDarcy flow in porous media[J].Transport in Porous Media,2011,88(2):205-223.
[4]Min K B,Rutqvist J,Elsworth D.Chemically and mechanically mediated influences on the transport and mechanical characteristics of rock fractures[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2009,46(1):80-89.
[5]Shen B,Stephansson O,Rinne M,et al.FRACOD modeling of rock fracturing and permeability change in excavation-damaged zones[J].International Journal of Geomechanics,2010,11(4):302-313.
[6]Barton N,DE Quadros E F.Joint aperture and roughness in the prediction of flow and groutability of rock masses[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1997,34(3-4):252.e1-252.e14.
[7]Lomize G M.Flow in fractured rocks[M].Gosenergoizdat,Moscow,1951:127-197.
[8]Zimmerman R W,Bodvarsson G S.Hydraulic conductivity of rock fractures[J].Transport in porous media,1996,23(1):1-30.
[9]Zimmerman R W,Al-yaarubi A,Pain C C,et al.Non-linear regimes of fluid flow in rock fractures[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2004,41:163-169.
[10]Qian J,Zhan H,Zhao W&SUN F.Experimental study of turbulent unconfined groundwater flow in a single fracture[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,311(1):134-142.
[11]Qian J,Chen Z,Zhan H,et al.Experimental study of the effect of roughness and Reynolds number on fluid flow in rough-walled single fractures:a check of local cubic law[J].Hydrological Processes,2011,25(4):614-622.
[12]Ranjith P,Darlington W.Nonlinear single-phase flow in real rock joints[J].Water Resources Research,2007,43(9):1-9.
[13]Zhang Z,Nemcik J.Fluid flow regimes and nonlinear flow characteristics in deformable rock fractures[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,477:139-151.
[14]Forchheimer P.Wasserbewegung durch boden[J].Z.Ver.Deutsch.Ing,1901,45(1782):1 788.
[15]Izbash S V.O Filtracii V Kropnozernstom Materiale[M].Leningrad,USSR,1931(in Russian).
[16]Lee S H,Lee K K,Yeo I W.Assessment of the validity of Stokes and Reynolds equations for fluid flow through a rough-walled fracture with flow imaging[J].Geophysical research letters,2014,41(13):4 578-4 585.
[17]Witherspoon P A,Wang J S Y,Iwai K,et al.Validity of cubic law for fluid flow in a deformable rock fracture[J].Water resources research,1980,16(6):1 016-1 024.
[18]Cook A M,Myer L R,Cook N G W,et al.The effects of tortuosity on flow through a natural fracture[J].Rock Mechanics Contributions and Challenges,1990:371-378.
[19]Zimmerman R W,Chen D W,Cook N G W.The effect of contact area on the permeability of fractures[J].Journal of Hydrology,1992,139(1):79-96.
[20]Li P,Lu W,Long Y,Yang Z,Li J.Seepage analysis in a fractured rock mass:the upper reservoir of Pushihe pumped-storage power station in China[J].Engineering Geology,2008,97(1):53-62.
[21]速宝玉.仿天然岩体裂隙渗流的试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,1995,31(6):19-24.
[22]许光祥,张永兴,哈秋舲.粗糙裂隙渗流的超立方和次立方定律及其试验研究[J].水利学报,2003,(3):74-79.
[23]Raven K G,Gale J E.Water flow in a natural rock fracture as a function of stress and sample size[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1985,22(4):251-261.
[24]耿克勤.复杂岩基的渗流、力学及其耦合分析研究以及工程应用[D].北京:清华大学,1994.
[25]Olsson R,Barton N.An improved model for hydromechanical coupling during shearing of rock joints[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2001,38(3):317-329.
[26]Hong E S,Lee J S,Lee I M.Underestimation of roughness in rough rock joints[J].International journal for numerical and analytical methods in geomechanics,2008,32(11):1 385-1 403.
[27]Grasselli G,Wirth J,Egger P.Quantitative three-dimensional description of a rough surface and parameter evolution with shearing[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2002,39(6):789-800.
[28]Tatone BS,Grasselli G.A new 2D discontinuity roughness parameter and its correlation with JRC[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2010,47:1 391-1 400.
[29]LOUIS C.A study of groundwater flow in jointed rock and its influence on the stability of rock masses[M].Imperial College of Science and Technology,1969.
[30]Amadei B,Saeb S.Constitutive models of rock joints[C]∥/International symposium on rock joints,1990.