北京市公共交通碳排放效率研究——基于超效率SBM模型和ML指数
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摘要
随着城市规模的扩大和空气污染问题的日益严峻,公共交通将成为居民出行的首选方式.文章对2006-2015年北京市公共交通系统的碳排放进行测算,利用超效率SBM模型分析碳排放效率,并借助ML指数分析全要素生产率跨期动态变化.研究结果表明,公交车的碳排放效率最高,但有明显下降趋势,提高运营效率是其未来发展的方向;地铁虽有前期巨额资金投入压力,其碳排放效率仍波动上升,进一步扩大地铁运行规模有助于提升系统的碳排放效率;出租车的碳排放效率非常低,应推进更新换代进程,加大技术投入.文章可为北京相关部门制定交通发展规划、实施节能减排政策提供数据支持和有益建议.
With the expansion of urban scale and worsening air pollution, public transport becomes a priority for residents to travel. In this paper, the carbon emissions of public transport system in Beijing from 2006 to 2015 are measured.Super-efficiency SBM model is utilized to analyze the efficiency of carbon emission,while ML index is used for analyzing the dynamic change of total factor productivity.The results show that the carbon transport efficiency of bus is the highest, but there is explicit downward trend. Therefore, improving the operational efficiency is one direction of bus development. In terms of subway, despite the pressure from considerable initial investment, carbon emissions efficiency is still rising. Further expansion of subway scale may help to improve the efficiency of carbon emissions. Due to low carbon emissions efficiency of taxi, promoting the upgrading as well as increasing investment in technology should be taken into consideration. This article can probably provide data support and useful suggestions for authorities in both transport and energy conservation field.
With the expansion of urban scale and worsening air pollution, public transport becomes a priority for residents to travel. In this paper, the carbon emissions of public transport system in Beijing from 2006 to 2015 are measured.Super-efficiency SBM model is utilized to analyze the efficiency of carbon emission,while ML index is used for analyzing the dynamic change of total factor productivity.The results show that the carbon transport efficiency of bus is the highest, but there is explicit downward trend. Therefore, improving the operational efficiency is one direction of bus development. In terms of subway, despite the pressure from considerable initial investment, carbon emissions efficiency is still rising. Further expansion of subway scale may help to improve the efficiency of carbon emissions. Due to low carbon emissions efficiency of taxi, promoting the upgrading as well as increasing investment in technology should be taken into consideration. This article can probably provide data support and useful suggestions for authorities in both transport and energy conservation field.
引文
[1]刘晓欣,邵燕敏,张珣.基于Bootstrap-DEA的工业能源效率分析.系统科学与数学,2011,31(3):361-371.(Liu X X,Shao Y M,Zhang X.The analysis of industrial energy efficiency based on bootstrapDEA.Journal of Systems Science and Mathematical Sciences,2011,31(3):361-371.)
[2]韩一杰,刘秀丽.基于超效率DEA模型的中国各地区钢铁行业能源效率及节能减排潜力分析.系统科学与数学,2011,31(3):287-298.(Han Y J,Liu X L.Analysis of energy efficiency and energy-saving and emission-reduction potential of steel industry in various regions of China based on super-efficiency DEA model.Journal of Systems Science and Mathematical Sciences,2011,31(3):287-298.)
[3]Tavassoli M,Faramarzi G R,Saen R F.Efficiency and effectiveness in airline performance using an SBM-NDEA model in the presence of shared input.Journal of Air Transport Management,2014,34:146-153.
[4]Yu M M.Performance assessment of transport services with the ERM-NDEA model:Evidence from a domestic airline in Taiwan.Transportation Planning and Technology,2012,35(7):697-714.
[5]Mallikarjun S.Efficiency of US airlines:A strategic operating model.Journal of Air Transport Management,2015,43:46-56.
[6]史洁.中国航空运输行业碳排放效率研究——基于非期望产出SBM-DEA模型.企业经济,2015,(6):125-129.(Shi J.Analysis of carbon emission efficiency in China air transport industry based on unexpected output SBM-DEA model.Industry Discussion,2015,(6):125-129.)
[7]Nishiuchi H,Todoroki T,Kishi-Elsevier Y.A fundamental study on evaluation of public transport transfer nodes by data envelop analysis approach using smart card data.Transportation Research Procedia,2015,6:391-401.
[8]Gangwar M G,Debnath R M,Oloruntoba R,et al.Benchmarking of rail transport service performance through DEA for indian railways.International Journal of Logistics Management,2015,27(3):629-649.
[9]章玉,黄承锋,许茂增.中国城市公共交通的效率研究——基于三阶段DEA模型的分析.交通运输系统工程与信息,2016,16(1):32-37.(Zhang Y,Huang C F,Xu M Z.Efficiency research of urban public transport in China based on the analysis of three stage DEA model.Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology,2016,16(1):32-37.)
[10]周和平,陈凤.基于DEA与SFA方法的城市公共交通运输效率评价.长沙大学学报,2008,22(5):79-82.(Zhou H P,Chen F.Evaluation of urban public transport efficiency based on DEA and SFA methods.Journal of Changsha University,2008,22(5):79-82.)
[11]柯水发,王亚,陈奕钢,等.北京市交通运输业碳排放及减排情景分析.中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(6):81-88.(Ke S F,Wang Y,Chen Y G,et al.Carbon emissions and reduction scenarios of transportation in Beijing.China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(6):81-88.)
[12]张清,陶小马,杨鹏.特大型城市客运交通碳排放与减排对策研究.中国人口.资源与环境,2012,22(1):35-42.(Zhang Q,Tao X M,Yang P.Research on carbon emissions from metropolis urban passenger transport and countermeasures.China Population,Resources and Environment,2012,22(1):35-42.)
[13]马静,柴彦威,刘志林.基于居民出行行为的北京市交通碳排放影响机理.地理学报,2011,66(8):1023-1032.(Ma J,Chai Y W,Liu Z L.The mechanism of CO_2 emissions from urban transport based on individuals'travel behavior in Beijing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(8):1023-1032.)
[14]Sow O,Oukil A,Ndiaye B M,et al.Efficiency analysis of public transportation subunits using DEA and bootstrap approaches-Dakar Dem Dikk case study.Journal of Mathematics Research,2016,8(6):114.
[15]Han J,Hayashi Y.Performance of urban public transport systems in China:Data envelopment analysis.13th International Conference of Hong Kong Society for Transportation Studies,2008,12.
[16]Cui Q,Li Y.An empirical study on the influencing factors of transportation carbon efficiency:Evidences from fifteen countries.Applied Energy,2015,141:209-217.
[17]季珏,高晓路,刘星辰.城市交通效率的多目标评价方法研究——以北京市城六区为例.地理科学进展,2016,35(1):118-125.(Ji Y,Gao X L,Liu X C.Multi-objective evaluation of urban transportation efficiency:Take Beijing as an example.Progress in Geography,2016,35(1):118-125.)
[18]孙秀梅,张慧,綦振法,等.我国东西地区的碳排放效率对比及科技减排路径研究——基于三阶段DEA和超效率SBM模型的分析.华东经济管理,2016,30(4):74-79.(Sun X M,Zhang H,Qi Z F,et al.A study on the comparison of carbon emissions efficiency in China's eastern and western regions and the science and technology path of carbon emissions reduction-An analysis based on three-stage DEA model and super efficiency SBM model.East China Economic Management,2016,30(4):74-79.)
[19]陈磊,王应明.基于松弛变量方法的动态网络系统效率测度及分解.系统科学与数学,2015,35(3):361-370.(Chen L,Wang Y M.Dynamic efficiency measurement and decomposition for network system with slacks-based measures.Journal of Systems Science and Mathematical Sciences,2015,35(3):361-370.)
[20]孙秀梅,张慧,王格.基于超效率SBM模型的区域碳排放效率研究——以山东省17个地级市为例.生态经济,2016,32(5):68-73.(Sun X M,Zhang H,Wang G.Evaluation of regional carbon emissions performance based on SE-SBM model:Taking Shandong province as an example.Ecological Economy,2016,32(5):68-73.)
[21]吴贤荣,张俊飚,田云,等.中国省域农业碳排放:测算、效率变动及影响因素研究——基于DEA-Malmquist指数分解方法与Tobit模型运用.资源科学,2014,36(1):129-138.(Wu X R,Zhang J B,Tian Y,et al.Provincial agricultural carbon emissions in China:Calculation,performance change and influencing factors.Resources Science,2014,36(1):129-138.)
[22]高鸣,宋洪远.中国农业碳排放绩效的空间收敛与分异——基于Malmquist-Luenberger指数与空间计量的实证分析.经济地理,2015,35(4):142-148,185.(Gao M,Song H Y.Dynamic changes and spatial agglomeration analysis of the Chinese agricultural carbon emissions performance.Economic Geography,2015,35(4):142-148,185.)
[23]柯孔林.基于全域ML指数的区域碳排放绩效研究——以浙江省为例.浙江工商大学学报,2014,(6):80-88.(Ke K L.A research on regional carbon emission performance based on Malmquist-Luenkerger index.Journal of Zhejiang Gongshang University,2014,(6):80-88.)
[24]Norman M,Stoker B.Data Envelopment Analysis:The Assessment of Performance.John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,1991.
[25]Fielding G J,Babitsky T T,Brenner M E.Performance evaluation for bus transit.Transportation Research Part A:General,1985,19(1):73-82.
[26]Tone K.A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis.European Journal of Operational Research,2001,130(3):498-509.
[27]柯孔林,冯宗宪.中国银行业全要素生产率测度:基于Malmquist-Luenberger指数研究.数量经济技术经济研究,2008,(4):110-120.(Ke K L,Feng Z X.Total factor productivity measurement of China's bank industry based on Malmquist-Luenberger index.The Journal of Quantitative&Technical Economics,2008,(4):110-120.)
[28]宗刚,袁博文.基于DEA的北京城市公共交通运输系统效率评价.开发研究,2014,(1):144-147.(Zong G,Yuan B W.Efficiency evaluation of the urban public transport system in Beijing:Based on data envelopment analysis.Research on Development,2014,(1):144-147.)
[2]韩一杰,刘秀丽.基于超效率DEA模型的中国各地区钢铁行业能源效率及节能减排潜力分析.系统科学与数学,2011,31(3):287-298.(Han Y J,Liu X L.Analysis of energy efficiency and energy-saving and emission-reduction potential of steel industry in various regions of China based on super-efficiency DEA model.Journal of Systems Science and Mathematical Sciences,2011,31(3):287-298.)
[3]Tavassoli M,Faramarzi G R,Saen R F.Efficiency and effectiveness in airline performance using an SBM-NDEA model in the presence of shared input.Journal of Air Transport Management,2014,34:146-153.
[4]Yu M M.Performance assessment of transport services with the ERM-NDEA model:Evidence from a domestic airline in Taiwan.Transportation Planning and Technology,2012,35(7):697-714.
[5]Mallikarjun S.Efficiency of US airlines:A strategic operating model.Journal of Air Transport Management,2015,43:46-56.
[6]史洁.中国航空运输行业碳排放效率研究——基于非期望产出SBM-DEA模型.企业经济,2015,(6):125-129.(Shi J.Analysis of carbon emission efficiency in China air transport industry based on unexpected output SBM-DEA model.Industry Discussion,2015,(6):125-129.)
[7]Nishiuchi H,Todoroki T,Kishi-Elsevier Y.A fundamental study on evaluation of public transport transfer nodes by data envelop analysis approach using smart card data.Transportation Research Procedia,2015,6:391-401.
[8]Gangwar M G,Debnath R M,Oloruntoba R,et al.Benchmarking of rail transport service performance through DEA for indian railways.International Journal of Logistics Management,2015,27(3):629-649.
[9]章玉,黄承锋,许茂增.中国城市公共交通的效率研究——基于三阶段DEA模型的分析.交通运输系统工程与信息,2016,16(1):32-37.(Zhang Y,Huang C F,Xu M Z.Efficiency research of urban public transport in China based on the analysis of three stage DEA model.Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology,2016,16(1):32-37.)
[10]周和平,陈凤.基于DEA与SFA方法的城市公共交通运输效率评价.长沙大学学报,2008,22(5):79-82.(Zhou H P,Chen F.Evaluation of urban public transport efficiency based on DEA and SFA methods.Journal of Changsha University,2008,22(5):79-82.)
[11]柯水发,王亚,陈奕钢,等.北京市交通运输业碳排放及减排情景分析.中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(6):81-88.(Ke S F,Wang Y,Chen Y G,et al.Carbon emissions and reduction scenarios of transportation in Beijing.China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(6):81-88.)
[12]张清,陶小马,杨鹏.特大型城市客运交通碳排放与减排对策研究.中国人口.资源与环境,2012,22(1):35-42.(Zhang Q,Tao X M,Yang P.Research on carbon emissions from metropolis urban passenger transport and countermeasures.China Population,Resources and Environment,2012,22(1):35-42.)
[13]马静,柴彦威,刘志林.基于居民出行行为的北京市交通碳排放影响机理.地理学报,2011,66(8):1023-1032.(Ma J,Chai Y W,Liu Z L.The mechanism of CO_2 emissions from urban transport based on individuals'travel behavior in Beijing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(8):1023-1032.)
[14]Sow O,Oukil A,Ndiaye B M,et al.Efficiency analysis of public transportation subunits using DEA and bootstrap approaches-Dakar Dem Dikk case study.Journal of Mathematics Research,2016,8(6):114.
[15]Han J,Hayashi Y.Performance of urban public transport systems in China:Data envelopment analysis.13th International Conference of Hong Kong Society for Transportation Studies,2008,12.
[16]Cui Q,Li Y.An empirical study on the influencing factors of transportation carbon efficiency:Evidences from fifteen countries.Applied Energy,2015,141:209-217.
[17]季珏,高晓路,刘星辰.城市交通效率的多目标评价方法研究——以北京市城六区为例.地理科学进展,2016,35(1):118-125.(Ji Y,Gao X L,Liu X C.Multi-objective evaluation of urban transportation efficiency:Take Beijing as an example.Progress in Geography,2016,35(1):118-125.)
[18]孙秀梅,张慧,綦振法,等.我国东西地区的碳排放效率对比及科技减排路径研究——基于三阶段DEA和超效率SBM模型的分析.华东经济管理,2016,30(4):74-79.(Sun X M,Zhang H,Qi Z F,et al.A study on the comparison of carbon emissions efficiency in China's eastern and western regions and the science and technology path of carbon emissions reduction-An analysis based on three-stage DEA model and super efficiency SBM model.East China Economic Management,2016,30(4):74-79.)
[19]陈磊,王应明.基于松弛变量方法的动态网络系统效率测度及分解.系统科学与数学,2015,35(3):361-370.(Chen L,Wang Y M.Dynamic efficiency measurement and decomposition for network system with slacks-based measures.Journal of Systems Science and Mathematical Sciences,2015,35(3):361-370.)
[20]孙秀梅,张慧,王格.基于超效率SBM模型的区域碳排放效率研究——以山东省17个地级市为例.生态经济,2016,32(5):68-73.(Sun X M,Zhang H,Wang G.Evaluation of regional carbon emissions performance based on SE-SBM model:Taking Shandong province as an example.Ecological Economy,2016,32(5):68-73.)
[21]吴贤荣,张俊飚,田云,等.中国省域农业碳排放:测算、效率变动及影响因素研究——基于DEA-Malmquist指数分解方法与Tobit模型运用.资源科学,2014,36(1):129-138.(Wu X R,Zhang J B,Tian Y,et al.Provincial agricultural carbon emissions in China:Calculation,performance change and influencing factors.Resources Science,2014,36(1):129-138.)
[22]高鸣,宋洪远.中国农业碳排放绩效的空间收敛与分异——基于Malmquist-Luenberger指数与空间计量的实证分析.经济地理,2015,35(4):142-148,185.(Gao M,Song H Y.Dynamic changes and spatial agglomeration analysis of the Chinese agricultural carbon emissions performance.Economic Geography,2015,35(4):142-148,185.)
[23]柯孔林.基于全域ML指数的区域碳排放绩效研究——以浙江省为例.浙江工商大学学报,2014,(6):80-88.(Ke K L.A research on regional carbon emission performance based on Malmquist-Luenkerger index.Journal of Zhejiang Gongshang University,2014,(6):80-88.)
[24]Norman M,Stoker B.Data Envelopment Analysis:The Assessment of Performance.John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,1991.
[25]Fielding G J,Babitsky T T,Brenner M E.Performance evaluation for bus transit.Transportation Research Part A:General,1985,19(1):73-82.
[26]Tone K.A slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis.European Journal of Operational Research,2001,130(3):498-509.
[27]柯孔林,冯宗宪.中国银行业全要素生产率测度:基于Malmquist-Luenberger指数研究.数量经济技术经济研究,2008,(4):110-120.(Ke K L,Feng Z X.Total factor productivity measurement of China's bank industry based on Malmquist-Luenberger index.The Journal of Quantitative&Technical Economics,2008,(4):110-120.)
[28]宗刚,袁博文.基于DEA的北京城市公共交通运输系统效率评价.开发研究,2014,(1):144-147.(Zong G,Yuan B W.Efficiency evaluation of the urban public transport system in Beijing:Based on data envelopment analysis.Research on Development,2014,(1):144-147.)