加压力量训练的研究评述
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摘要
加压力量训练是指在加压限制或短时间断性阻断静脉血流量的情况下,以较小的练习强度刺激肌肉生长、改善肌肉功能的训练方法。为探讨加压力量训练促进肌肉肥大、肌肉量增加的可能机制,本研究通过研究加压力量训练对肌肉适能即时性、短期、中长期影响以及该影响的生理机制,发现加压力量训练可显著刺激体内性激素合成与代谢压力提升,产生加剧性反应,对加速肌肉蛋白合成有良好效果;6 d至16周的加压力量训练均有助于MVC、1RM及CSA的提升,效果与高强度阻力训练类似。训练的强度在20%～50%1RM、加压压力在50～250 mmHg范围内,可适用于大部分的人群。加压力量训练生理机制尚不十分明确,可能的途径包括:肌肉在缺血状态下招募更多Ⅱ型肌纤维,并增加代谢压力物质,进而刺激GH的释放;mTOR路径的活化与泛素-蛋白水解酶复合通路的抑制;热激蛋白与神经性一氧化氮合成酶-1活性的增加;肌肉生成抑制素浓度降低与肌肉干细胞数量增加等。
KAATUS training is a training method to simulate muscle growth and improve muscle function with a relative small amount of exercise intensity in the case of pressure limitation or short-term interruption of venous blood flow. To explore the possible mechanisms for KAATSU training to promote muscle hypertrophy and increase in muscle mass, in the study, the real-term, short-term, medium and long-term influences of KAATUS training on muscle fitness, as well as its physiological mechanism were analyzed. We could draw the following conclusions: KAATUS training could significantly stimulate the synthesis of sexhormone and the promotion of metabolic stress, resulting in intensified reaction which would have a good effect on accelerating the synthesis of intramuscular protein. KAATUS training in 6 days to 16 weeks could help promoting MVC, 1 RM and CSA, and the effect resembled the effect of high intensity resistance training. The intensity of training was between 20%～50% 1 RM, and the intensity of pressure was between 50～250 mm Hg, which could be applied to most of the people. The physiological mechanism of KAATUS training remained unclear. There were several possible pathways, including additional recruitment of type II fibers in a ischemia condition; the increase in intramuscular metabolic stress substances so as to stimulate GH release; activation of mTOR pathway and inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteolytic enzyme complex pathway; increased activity of heat shock proteins and Nitric oxide synthase-1, as well as the decreased myostatin concentration and increased number of muscle stem cells.
KAATUS training is a training method to simulate muscle growth and improve muscle function with a relative small amount of exercise intensity in the case of pressure limitation or short-term interruption of venous blood flow. To explore the possible mechanisms for KAATSU training to promote muscle hypertrophy and increase in muscle mass, in the study, the real-term, short-term, medium and long-term influences of KAATUS training on muscle fitness, as well as its physiological mechanism were analyzed. We could draw the following conclusions: KAATUS training could significantly stimulate the synthesis of sexhormone and the promotion of metabolic stress, resulting in intensified reaction which would have a good effect on accelerating the synthesis of intramuscular protein. KAATUS training in 6 days to 16 weeks could help promoting MVC, 1 RM and CSA, and the effect resembled the effect of high intensity resistance training. The intensity of training was between 20%～50% 1 RM, and the intensity of pressure was between 50～250 mm Hg, which could be applied to most of the people. The physiological mechanism of KAATUS training remained unclear. There were several possible pathways, including additional recruitment of type II fibers in a ischemia condition; the increase in intramuscular metabolic stress substances so as to stimulate GH release; activation of mTOR pathway and inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteolytic enzyme complex pathway; increased activity of heat shock proteins and Nitric oxide synthase-1, as well as the decreased myostatin concentration and increased number of muscle stem cells.
引文
Abe Elfattah A.E.E.,and Salem H.H.,2011,Effect of occlusion swimming tra ining on physiological biomarkers and swimming performance,World Journal of Sport Sciences,4(1):70-75
Abe T.,Beekley M.D.,Hinata S.,Koizumi K.,and Sato Y.,2005,Day-to-day change in muscle strength and MRI-KAATSUresistance training:a case study,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,2005,1(2):71-76
Abe T.,Fujita S.,Nakajima T.,Sakamaki M.,Ozaki H.,Ogasawara R.,Sugaya M.,Kudo M.,Kurano M.,Yasuda T.,Sato Y.,Ohshima H.,Mukai C.,and Ishii N.,2010,Effects of low-intensity cycle training with restricted leg blood flow on thigh muscle volume and VO2max in young men,Journal of Sports Science and Medicine,9(3):452-458
Abe T.,Kearns C.F.,and Sato Y.,2004,Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle,Kaatsu-walk training,Journal of Applied Physiology,100(5):1460-1466
Abe T.,Yasuda T.,Midorikawa T.,Sato Y.,Kearns C.F.,Inoue K.,Koizumi K.,and Ishii N.,2005,Skeletal muscle size and circulating IGF-1 are increased after two weeks of twice daily“KAATSU”resistance training,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,1(1):6-12
Brodin G.,Ahgren A.,Dijke P.T.,Heldin C.H.,and Heuchel R.,2008,Efficient TGF-βinduction of the Smad7 gene requires cooperation between AP-1,Sp1,and Smad proteins on the mouse Smad7 promoter,Journal of Biological Chemistry,275(37):29023-29030
Campos G.E.,Luecke T.J.,Wendeln H.K.,Toma K.,Hagerman F.C.,Murray T.F.,Ragg K.E.,Ratamess N.A.,Kraemer W.J.,and Staron R.S.,2002,Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens:Specificity of repetition maximum training zones,European Journal of Applied Physiology,88(1-2):50-60
Clark B.C.,Fernhall B.,and Ploutz-Snyder L.L.,2006,Adaptations in human neuromuscularfunction following prolonged unweighting:I.Skeletal muscle contractile properties and applied ischemia efficacy,Journal of Applied Physiology,101(1):256-263
Fry C.S.,Glynn E.L.,Drummond M.J.,Timmerman K.L.,Fujita S.,Abe T.,Dhanani S.,Volpi E.,and Rasmussen B.B.,2010,Blood flow restriction exercise stimulates m TORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis in older men,Journal of Applied Physiology,108(5):1199-1209
Fujita S.,Abe T.,Drummond M.J.,Cadenas J.G.,Dreyer H.C.,Sato Y.,Volpi E.,and Rasmussen B.B.,2007,Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein ynthesis,Journal of Applied Physiology,103(3):903-910
Fujita T.,Brechue W.F.,Kurita K.,Sato Y.,and Abe T.,2008,Increased muscle volume and strength following six days of low-intensity resistance training with restricted muscle blood flow,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,4(1):1-8
Garber C.E.,Blissmer B.,Deschenes M.R.,Franklin B.A.,Lamonte M.J.,Lee I.M.,Nieman D.C.,and Swain D.P.,2011,American College of Sports Medicine position stand.Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory,musculoskeletal,and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults:guidance for prescribing exercise,Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.,43(7):1334-1359
Houtman C.J.,Heerschap A.,Zwarts M.J.,and Stegeman D.F.,2002,An additional phase in PCR use during sustained isometric exercise at 30%MVC in the tibialis anterior muscle,NMR in Biomedicine,15(4):270-277
Houtman C.J.,Stegeman D.F.,Van Dijk J.P.,and Zwarts M.J.,2003,Changes in muscle fiber conduction velocity indicate recruitment of distinct motor unit populations,Journal of Applied Physiology,95(3):1045-1054
Janssen I.,Baumgartner R.N.,Ross R.,Rosenberg I.H.,and Roubenoff R.,2004,Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women,American Journal of Epidemiology,159(4):413-421
Karabulut M.,Abe T.,Sato Y.,and Bemben M.G.,2010,The effects of low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction on leg muscle strength in older men,European Journal of Applied Physiology,108(1):147-155
Kawada S.,and Ishii N.,2005,Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after chronic restriction of venous blood flow in rats,Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,37(7):1144-1150
Kim S.J.,Sherk V.D.,Bemben M.G.,and Bemben D.A.,2009,Effects of shortterm,low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction on arterial compliance in untrained young men,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,5(1):1-8
Kosek D.J.,and Bamman M.,2008,Modulation of the dystrophin-associated protein complex in response to resistance training in young and older men,Journal of Applied Physiology,104(5):1476-1484
Kraemer W.J,Ada ms K.,Cafarelli E.,Dudley G.A.,Dooly C.,Feigenbaum M.S.,Fleck S.J.,Franklin B.,Fry A.C.,Hoffman J.R.,Newton R.U.,Potteiger J.,Stone M.H.,Ratamess N.A.,and Triplett-McBride T.,2009,American College of Sports Medicine.American College of Sports Medicine position sta nd.Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults,Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,41(3):687-708
Laurentino G.,Ugrinowitsch C.,Aihara A.Y.,Fernandes A.R.,Parcell A.C.,Ricard M.,and Tricoli V.,2008,Effects of strength training and vascular occlusion,International Journal of Sports Medicine,29(8):664-667
Laurentino G.,Ugrinowitsch C.,Roschel H.,Aoki M.S.,Soares A.G.,Neves M.Jr.,Aihara A.Y.,Fernandes Ada R.,and Tricoli V.,2012,Strength training with blood flow restriction diminishes myostatin gene expression,Medicine and Science in Sportsand Exercise,44(3):406-412
Loenneke J.P.,Thrower A.D.,Balapur A.,Barnes J.T.,and Pujol T.J.,2012,Blood flow-restricted walking does not result in an accumulation of metabolites,Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging,32(1):80-82
Madarame H.,Kurano M.,Takano H.,Iida H.,Sato Y.,Ohshima H.,Abe T.,Ishii N.,Morita T.,and Nakajima T.,2010,Effects of low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction on coagulation system in healthy subjects,Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging,30(3):210-213
Manini T.M.,Vincent K.R.,Leeuwenburgh C.L.,Lees H.A.,Kavazis A.N.,Borst S.E.,and Clark B.C.,2011,Myogenic and proteolytic m RNA expression following blood flow restricted exercise,Acta Physiologica,201(2):255-263
McDonagh M.J.N.,and Davies C.T.M.,1984,Adaptive response of mammalian skeletal muscle to exercise with high loads,European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,52(2):139-155
Moore D.R.,Burgomaster K.A.,Schofield L.M.,Gibala M.J.,Sale D.G.,and Phillips S.M.,2008,Neuromuscular adaptations in human muscle following low intensity resistance training with vascular occlusion,European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,92(4-5):399-406
Nielsen J.L.,Aagaard P.,Bech R.D.,Nygaard T.,Hvid L.G.,Wernbom M.,Suetta C.,and Frandsen U.,2012,Proliferation of myogenic stem cells in human skeletal muscle in response to low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction,Journal of Physiology,590(17):4351-4361
Patterson S.D.,and Ferguson R.A.,2009,Increase in calf post-occlusive blood flow and strength following short-term resistance exercise training with blood flow restriction in young women,European Journal of Applied Physiology,108(5):1025-1033
Reeves G.V.,Kraemer,R.,Hollander D.B.,Clavier J.,Thomas C.,Francois M.,and Castracane V.D.,2006,Comparison of hormone responses following light resistance exercise with partial vascular occlusion and moderately difficult resistance exercise without occlusion,Journal of Applied Physiology,101(6):1616-1622
Sambasivan R.,Yao R.,Kissenpfennig A.,and Van Wittenberghe L.,2011,Pax7-expressing satellite cells are indispensable for adult skeletal muscle regeneration,Development,138(17):3647-3656
Sato Y.,2005,The history and future of KAATSU Training,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,1(1):1-5
Suga T.,Okita K.,Morita N.,Yokota T.,Hirabayashi K.,Horiuchi M.,Takada S.,Omokawa M.,Kinugawa S.,and Tsutsui H.J.,2010,Dose effect on intramuscular metabolic stress during low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction,Journal of Applied Physiology,108(6):1563-1567
Suga T.,Okita K.,Morita N.,Yokota T.,Hirabayashi K.,Horiuchi M.,Takada S.,Takahashi T.,Omokawa M.,Kinugawa S.,and Tsutsui H.,2009,Intramuscular metabolism during low intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction,Journal of Applied Physiology,106(4):1119-1124
Suga T.,Okita K.,Takada S.,Omokawa M.,Kadoguchi T.,Yokota T.,Hirabayashi K.,Takahashi M.,Morita N.,and Horiuchi M.,Kinugawa S.,and Tsutsui H.,2012,Effect of multiple set on intramuscular metabolic stress during low-intensty resistance exercise with blood flow restric tion,European Journal of Applied Physiology,112(11):3915-3920
Sugaya M.,Yasuda T.,Suga T.,Okita K.,and Abe T.,2011,Change in intramuscular inorganic phosphate during multiple sets of blood flow-restricted low-intensity exercise,Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging,31(5):411-413
Sumide T.,Sakuraba K.,Sawaki K.,Ohmura H.,and Tamura Y.,2009,Effect of resistance exercise training combined with relatively low vascular occlusion,Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,12(1):107-112
Takano H.,2005,Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of mus cle blood flow,European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,95(1):65-73
Takano H.,Morita T.,Iida H.,Asada K.,Kato M.,Uno K.,Hirose K.,Matsumoto A.,Takenaka K.,Hirata Y.,Eto F.,Na gai R.,Sato Y.,and Nakajima T.,2005,Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow,European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,95(1):65-73
Takarada Y.,Abe T.,Sato Y.,Midorikawa T.,Kearns C.F.,Inoue,K.,Ryushi T.,and Ishii N.,2005,Muscle fiber cross-sectional area is increased after two weeks of twice daily KAATSU resistance training,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,1(2):65-70
Takarada Y.,Nakamura Y.,Aruga S.,Onda T.,Miyazaki S.,and Ishii N.,2000,Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion,Journal of Applied Physiology,88(1):61-65
Takarada Y.,Sato Y.,and Ishii N.,2002,Effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscle function in athletes,European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,86(4):308-314
Takarada Y.,Tsuruta T.,and Ishii N.,2004,Cooperative effects of exercise and occlusive stimuli on muscular function in low-intensity resistance exercise with moderate vascular occlusion,Japanese Journal of Physiology,54(6):585-592
Wang X.,and Proud C.G.,2006,The m TOR pathway in the control of protein synthesis,Physiology,21(5):362-369
Wernbom M.,Augustsson J.,and Raastad T.,2008,Ischemic strength training:A lowload alternative to heavy resistance exercise,Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports,18(4):401-416
Yasuda T.,Abe T.,Sato Y.,Midorikawa T.,Kearns C.F.,Inoue K.,Ryushi T.,and Ishii N.,2005,Muscle fiber cross-sectional area is increased after two weeks of twice daily KAATSUresistance training,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,1(2):65-70
Yasuda T.,Ogasawara R.,Sakamaki M.,Ozaki H.,Sato Y.,Abe T.,and Bemben M.G.,2011,Combined effects of low-intensity blood flow restriction training and high-intensity resistance training on muscle strength and size,European Journal of Applied Physiology,111(10):2525-2533
Abe T.,Beekley M.D.,Hinata S.,Koizumi K.,and Sato Y.,2005,Day-to-day change in muscle strength and MRI-KAATSUresistance training:a case study,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,2005,1(2):71-76
Abe T.,Fujita S.,Nakajima T.,Sakamaki M.,Ozaki H.,Ogasawara R.,Sugaya M.,Kudo M.,Kurano M.,Yasuda T.,Sato Y.,Ohshima H.,Mukai C.,and Ishii N.,2010,Effects of low-intensity cycle training with restricted leg blood flow on thigh muscle volume and VO2max in young men,Journal of Sports Science and Medicine,9(3):452-458
Abe T.,Kearns C.F.,and Sato Y.,2004,Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle,Kaatsu-walk training,Journal of Applied Physiology,100(5):1460-1466
Abe T.,Yasuda T.,Midorikawa T.,Sato Y.,Kearns C.F.,Inoue K.,Koizumi K.,and Ishii N.,2005,Skeletal muscle size and circulating IGF-1 are increased after two weeks of twice daily“KAATSU”resistance training,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,1(1):6-12
Brodin G.,Ahgren A.,Dijke P.T.,Heldin C.H.,and Heuchel R.,2008,Efficient TGF-βinduction of the Smad7 gene requires cooperation between AP-1,Sp1,and Smad proteins on the mouse Smad7 promoter,Journal of Biological Chemistry,275(37):29023-29030
Campos G.E.,Luecke T.J.,Wendeln H.K.,Toma K.,Hagerman F.C.,Murray T.F.,Ragg K.E.,Ratamess N.A.,Kraemer W.J.,and Staron R.S.,2002,Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens:Specificity of repetition maximum training zones,European Journal of Applied Physiology,88(1-2):50-60
Clark B.C.,Fernhall B.,and Ploutz-Snyder L.L.,2006,Adaptations in human neuromuscularfunction following prolonged unweighting:I.Skeletal muscle contractile properties and applied ischemia efficacy,Journal of Applied Physiology,101(1):256-263
Fry C.S.,Glynn E.L.,Drummond M.J.,Timmerman K.L.,Fujita S.,Abe T.,Dhanani S.,Volpi E.,and Rasmussen B.B.,2010,Blood flow restriction exercise stimulates m TORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis in older men,Journal of Applied Physiology,108(5):1199-1209
Fujita S.,Abe T.,Drummond M.J.,Cadenas J.G.,Dreyer H.C.,Sato Y.,Volpi E.,and Rasmussen B.B.,2007,Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein ynthesis,Journal of Applied Physiology,103(3):903-910
Fujita T.,Brechue W.F.,Kurita K.,Sato Y.,and Abe T.,2008,Increased muscle volume and strength following six days of low-intensity resistance training with restricted muscle blood flow,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,4(1):1-8
Garber C.E.,Blissmer B.,Deschenes M.R.,Franklin B.A.,Lamonte M.J.,Lee I.M.,Nieman D.C.,and Swain D.P.,2011,American College of Sports Medicine position stand.Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory,musculoskeletal,and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults:guidance for prescribing exercise,Med.Sci.Sports Exerc.,43(7):1334-1359
Houtman C.J.,Heerschap A.,Zwarts M.J.,and Stegeman D.F.,2002,An additional phase in PCR use during sustained isometric exercise at 30%MVC in the tibialis anterior muscle,NMR in Biomedicine,15(4):270-277
Houtman C.J.,Stegeman D.F.,Van Dijk J.P.,and Zwarts M.J.,2003,Changes in muscle fiber conduction velocity indicate recruitment of distinct motor unit populations,Journal of Applied Physiology,95(3):1045-1054
Janssen I.,Baumgartner R.N.,Ross R.,Rosenberg I.H.,and Roubenoff R.,2004,Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women,American Journal of Epidemiology,159(4):413-421
Karabulut M.,Abe T.,Sato Y.,and Bemben M.G.,2010,The effects of low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction on leg muscle strength in older men,European Journal of Applied Physiology,108(1):147-155
Kawada S.,and Ishii N.,2005,Skeletal muscle hypertrophy after chronic restriction of venous blood flow in rats,Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,37(7):1144-1150
Kim S.J.,Sherk V.D.,Bemben M.G.,and Bemben D.A.,2009,Effects of shortterm,low-intensity resistance training with vascular restriction on arterial compliance in untrained young men,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,5(1):1-8
Kosek D.J.,and Bamman M.,2008,Modulation of the dystrophin-associated protein complex in response to resistance training in young and older men,Journal of Applied Physiology,104(5):1476-1484
Kraemer W.J,Ada ms K.,Cafarelli E.,Dudley G.A.,Dooly C.,Feigenbaum M.S.,Fleck S.J.,Franklin B.,Fry A.C.,Hoffman J.R.,Newton R.U.,Potteiger J.,Stone M.H.,Ratamess N.A.,and Triplett-McBride T.,2009,American College of Sports Medicine.American College of Sports Medicine position sta nd.Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults,Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,41(3):687-708
Laurentino G.,Ugrinowitsch C.,Aihara A.Y.,Fernandes A.R.,Parcell A.C.,Ricard M.,and Tricoli V.,2008,Effects of strength training and vascular occlusion,International Journal of Sports Medicine,29(8):664-667
Laurentino G.,Ugrinowitsch C.,Roschel H.,Aoki M.S.,Soares A.G.,Neves M.Jr.,Aihara A.Y.,Fernandes Ada R.,and Tricoli V.,2012,Strength training with blood flow restriction diminishes myostatin gene expression,Medicine and Science in Sportsand Exercise,44(3):406-412
Loenneke J.P.,Thrower A.D.,Balapur A.,Barnes J.T.,and Pujol T.J.,2012,Blood flow-restricted walking does not result in an accumulation of metabolites,Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging,32(1):80-82
Madarame H.,Kurano M.,Takano H.,Iida H.,Sato Y.,Ohshima H.,Abe T.,Ishii N.,Morita T.,and Nakajima T.,2010,Effects of low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction on coagulation system in healthy subjects,Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging,30(3):210-213
Manini T.M.,Vincent K.R.,Leeuwenburgh C.L.,Lees H.A.,Kavazis A.N.,Borst S.E.,and Clark B.C.,2011,Myogenic and proteolytic m RNA expression following blood flow restricted exercise,Acta Physiologica,201(2):255-263
McDonagh M.J.N.,and Davies C.T.M.,1984,Adaptive response of mammalian skeletal muscle to exercise with high loads,European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,52(2):139-155
Moore D.R.,Burgomaster K.A.,Schofield L.M.,Gibala M.J.,Sale D.G.,and Phillips S.M.,2008,Neuromuscular adaptations in human muscle following low intensity resistance training with vascular occlusion,European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,92(4-5):399-406
Nielsen J.L.,Aagaard P.,Bech R.D.,Nygaard T.,Hvid L.G.,Wernbom M.,Suetta C.,and Frandsen U.,2012,Proliferation of myogenic stem cells in human skeletal muscle in response to low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction,Journal of Physiology,590(17):4351-4361
Patterson S.D.,and Ferguson R.A.,2009,Increase in calf post-occlusive blood flow and strength following short-term resistance exercise training with blood flow restriction in young women,European Journal of Applied Physiology,108(5):1025-1033
Reeves G.V.,Kraemer,R.,Hollander D.B.,Clavier J.,Thomas C.,Francois M.,and Castracane V.D.,2006,Comparison of hormone responses following light resistance exercise with partial vascular occlusion and moderately difficult resistance exercise without occlusion,Journal of Applied Physiology,101(6):1616-1622
Sambasivan R.,Yao R.,Kissenpfennig A.,and Van Wittenberghe L.,2011,Pax7-expressing satellite cells are indispensable for adult skeletal muscle regeneration,Development,138(17):3647-3656
Sato Y.,2005,The history and future of KAATSU Training,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,1(1):1-5
Suga T.,Okita K.,Morita N.,Yokota T.,Hirabayashi K.,Horiuchi M.,Takada S.,Omokawa M.,Kinugawa S.,and Tsutsui H.J.,2010,Dose effect on intramuscular metabolic stress during low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction,Journal of Applied Physiology,108(6):1563-1567
Suga T.,Okita K.,Morita N.,Yokota T.,Hirabayashi K.,Horiuchi M.,Takada S.,Takahashi T.,Omokawa M.,Kinugawa S.,and Tsutsui H.,2009,Intramuscular metabolism during low intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction,Journal of Applied Physiology,106(4):1119-1124
Suga T.,Okita K.,Takada S.,Omokawa M.,Kadoguchi T.,Yokota T.,Hirabayashi K.,Takahashi M.,Morita N.,and Horiuchi M.,Kinugawa S.,and Tsutsui H.,2012,Effect of multiple set on intramuscular metabolic stress during low-intensty resistance exercise with blood flow restric tion,European Journal of Applied Physiology,112(11):3915-3920
Sugaya M.,Yasuda T.,Suga T.,Okita K.,and Abe T.,2011,Change in intramuscular inorganic phosphate during multiple sets of blood flow-restricted low-intensity exercise,Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging,31(5):411-413
Sumide T.,Sakuraba K.,Sawaki K.,Ohmura H.,and Tamura Y.,2009,Effect of resistance exercise training combined with relatively low vascular occlusion,Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,12(1):107-112
Takano H.,2005,Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of mus cle blood flow,European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,95(1):65-73
Takano H.,Morita T.,Iida H.,Asada K.,Kato M.,Uno K.,Hirose K.,Matsumoto A.,Takenaka K.,Hirata Y.,Eto F.,Na gai R.,Sato Y.,and Nakajima T.,2005,Hemodynamic and hormonal responses to a short-term low-intensity resistance exercise with the reduction of muscle blood flow,European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,95(1):65-73
Takarada Y.,Abe T.,Sato Y.,Midorikawa T.,Kearns C.F.,Inoue,K.,Ryushi T.,and Ishii N.,2005,Muscle fiber cross-sectional area is increased after two weeks of twice daily KAATSU resistance training,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,1(2):65-70
Takarada Y.,Nakamura Y.,Aruga S.,Onda T.,Miyazaki S.,and Ishii N.,2000,Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion,Journal of Applied Physiology,88(1):61-65
Takarada Y.,Sato Y.,and Ishii N.,2002,Effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscle function in athletes,European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology,86(4):308-314
Takarada Y.,Tsuruta T.,and Ishii N.,2004,Cooperative effects of exercise and occlusive stimuli on muscular function in low-intensity resistance exercise with moderate vascular occlusion,Japanese Journal of Physiology,54(6):585-592
Wang X.,and Proud C.G.,2006,The m TOR pathway in the control of protein synthesis,Physiology,21(5):362-369
Wernbom M.,Augustsson J.,and Raastad T.,2008,Ischemic strength training:A lowload alternative to heavy resistance exercise,Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports,18(4):401-416
Yasuda T.,Abe T.,Sato Y.,Midorikawa T.,Kearns C.F.,Inoue K.,Ryushi T.,and Ishii N.,2005,Muscle fiber cross-sectional area is increased after two weeks of twice daily KAATSUresistance training,International Journal of KAATSU Training Research,1(2):65-70
Yasuda T.,Ogasawara R.,Sakamaki M.,Ozaki H.,Sato Y.,Abe T.,and Bemben M.G.,2011,Combined effects of low-intensity blood flow restriction training and high-intensity resistance training on muscle strength and size,European Journal of Applied Physiology,111(10):2525-2533