基于RUSLE模型的区域土壤侵蚀定量估算及空间特征研究
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摘要
针对哈尔滨市主城区水土流失问题,以土壤侵蚀估算与评价为目标,采用RUSLE模型,依托GIS和遥感技术,分析了影响区域尺度土壤侵蚀因子,包括降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性、地形、植被覆盖度和水土保持特性等,定量估算了哈尔滨市主城区8个流域的土壤侵蚀大小。在此基础上参考黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准,并结合流域自身侵蚀状况,分析了哈尔滨市主城区土壤侵蚀特性的空间格局。结果表明:哈尔滨市八个流域土壤侵蚀模数范围为0~1 272.61 t·km-2·年-1,各流域以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,局部地区存在着较为严重的土壤侵蚀;区域土壤侵蚀空间分异特征明显,是气候、土壤、植被、地形和人类活动共同作用的结果;哈尔滨市八大流域以微度侵蚀为主,轻度侵蚀次之,强烈侵蚀及极强烈侵蚀区很少,仅在运粮河流域存在极少的剧烈侵蚀区。研究成果可为哈尔滨市水土流失治理提供技术支撑和理论依据。
Aiming at the problem of soil erosion in the main urban area of Harbin City,the factors to affect the soil erosion on regional scale,i. e. rainfall erosivity,soil erodibility,terrain,vegetation coverage and characteristics of water and soil conservation,are analyzed herein based on GIS and remote sensing techniques with RUSLE model by taking the estimation and evaluation on soil erosion as the study objective,and then the erosion degrees of 8 watersheds in the main urban area of Harbin City are quantitatively estimated. On the basis of this,the spatial pattern of the soil erosion characteristics of the main urban area of Harbin City is analyzed in combination with the self-erosion statuses of the watersheds with the reference of the Techniques Standard for Comprehensive Control of Soil Erosion in the Black Soil Region. The result shows that the range of the erosion modulus for the8 watersheds in Harbin City is 0 ~ 1 272. 61 t·km-2·a-1,while all the watersheds are mainly suffered with micro-degree erosion and mild-degree erosion,while the more severe erosions only exist in local regions therein,for which the spatial differential features of the regional soil erosions are obvious,which are the results from the joint-effect of climate,soil,vegetation,terrain and human activities. The 8 watersheds in Harbin City are mainly dominated by micro-degree erosion and secondarily dominated by mild-degree erosion,while heavily and intensively eroded regions are less,only a few intensively eroded regions are there in Yunlianghe River Watershed. The study result can provide technical support and theoretical basis for soil erosion control in Harbin City.
Aiming at the problem of soil erosion in the main urban area of Harbin City,the factors to affect the soil erosion on regional scale,i. e. rainfall erosivity,soil erodibility,terrain,vegetation coverage and characteristics of water and soil conservation,are analyzed herein based on GIS and remote sensing techniques with RUSLE model by taking the estimation and evaluation on soil erosion as the study objective,and then the erosion degrees of 8 watersheds in the main urban area of Harbin City are quantitatively estimated. On the basis of this,the spatial pattern of the soil erosion characteristics of the main urban area of Harbin City is analyzed in combination with the self-erosion statuses of the watersheds with the reference of the Techniques Standard for Comprehensive Control of Soil Erosion in the Black Soil Region. The result shows that the range of the erosion modulus for the8 watersheds in Harbin City is 0 ~ 1 272. 61 t·km-2·a-1,while all the watersheds are mainly suffered with micro-degree erosion and mild-degree erosion,while the more severe erosions only exist in local regions therein,for which the spatial differential features of the regional soil erosions are obvious,which are the results from the joint-effect of climate,soil,vegetation,terrain and human activities. The 8 watersheds in Harbin City are mainly dominated by micro-degree erosion and secondarily dominated by mild-degree erosion,while heavily and intensively eroded regions are less,only a few intensively eroded regions are there in Yunlianghe River Watershed. The study result can provide technical support and theoretical basis for soil erosion control in Harbin City.
引文
[1]倪九派,魏朝富,谢德体.土壤侵蚀定量评价的空间尺度效应[J].生态学报,2005,25(8):2061-2067.
[2]PIMENTEL D.Soil erosion:a food and environmental threat[J].Environment,development and sustainability,2006,8(1):119-137.
[3]PRADHAN B,CHAUDHARI A,ADINARAYANA J,et al.Soil erosion assessment and its correlation with landslide events using remote sensing data and GIS:a case study at Penang Island[J].Environmental monitoring&assessment,2012,184(2):715-27.
[4]WISCKMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland and east of the Rocky Mountains[M].Washington,D.C.:USDA,1965.
[5]陈云明,刘国彬,郑粉莉,等.RUSLE侵蚀模型的应用及进展[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(4):80-83.
[6]RENARD K,FOSTER G,WEESIES G,et al.RUSLE a guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation[M].Arizona,Tucson:USDA,1997.
[7]MARIA J,RAMON B,LUIS J,et al.Effect of vegetal cover on runoff and soil erosion under light intensity events:Rainfall simulation over USLE plots[J].Science of the total environment,2007,378(1/2):161-165.
[8]NAZZARENO D,GIANNI B.Estimating monthly(R)USLE climate input in a Mediterranean region using limited data[J].Journal of hydrology,2007,345(3/4):224-236.
[9]汪邦稳,杨勤科,刘志红,等.基于DEM和GIS的修正通用土壤流失方程地形因子值的提取[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(2):18-23.
[10]梁音,史学正.长江以南东部丘陵山区土壤可蚀性K值研究[J].水土保持研究,1999,6(2):47-52.
[11]DONALD G,GREET G,WOUTER S,et al.Assessment of USLE cover-management C-factors for 40 crop rotation systems on arable farms in the Kemmelbeek watershed,Belgium[J].Soil and tillage research,2003,74(1):47-53.
[12]黄佳鹏,徐萍,邵旭彬,等.基于RS和GIS水土流失敏感性研究与分析—以哈尔滨市宾县为例[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,2014,30(3):170-172.
[13]丁莉,隋晓红,张荣玲.哈尔滨市呼兰区水土流失现状及治理措施[J].水利科技与经济,2007,13(12):930-931.
[14]兰瑜平.哈尔滨市水土流失治理现状及对策研究[C]//李长兴.中国首届城市水土保持学术研讨会论文集.深圳:中国城市水土保持学术研讨会,2013:102-106.
[15]胡良军.基于GIS的区域水土流失定量评价指标研究[J].水土保持通报,1998,18(5):25-28.
[16]WISCKMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting rainfall erosion losses-a guide to conservation planning[M].Arizona,Tucson:USDA,1978.
[17]张旭群,陈耀强,陈浩昆,等.基于GIS和RUSLE的粤东黄冈河流域土壤侵蚀评估[J].中国水土保持,2013(2):34-37.
[18]WILLIAMS JR,RENARD KG,DYKE PT.EPIC:a new method for assessing erosion's effect on soil productivity[J].Journal of soil&water conservation,1983,38(5):381-383.
[19]LIU BY,NEARING MA,SHI PJ,et al.Slope length effection soil loss for steep slopes[J].Soil Society of American journal,2000,64:1759-1763.
[20]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.
[21]王涛,徐澜,胡阳,等.陕北无定河流域土壤侵蚀与植被覆盖和降雨关系研究[J].水利水电技术,2017,48(6):149-155.
[22]游松财,李文卿.GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀量估算—以江西省泰和县灌溪乡为例[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(1):62-68.
[23]黄金良,洪华生,张珞平,等.基于GIS和USLE的九龙江流域土壤侵蚀量预测研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(5):75-79.
[24]中华人民共和国水利部.黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准:SL 446—2009[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009.
[2]PIMENTEL D.Soil erosion:a food and environmental threat[J].Environment,development and sustainability,2006,8(1):119-137.
[3]PRADHAN B,CHAUDHARI A,ADINARAYANA J,et al.Soil erosion assessment and its correlation with landslide events using remote sensing data and GIS:a case study at Penang Island[J].Environmental monitoring&assessment,2012,184(2):715-27.
[4]WISCKMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting rainfall-erosion losses from cropland and east of the Rocky Mountains[M].Washington,D.C.:USDA,1965.
[5]陈云明,刘国彬,郑粉莉,等.RUSLE侵蚀模型的应用及进展[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(4):80-83.
[6]RENARD K,FOSTER G,WEESIES G,et al.RUSLE a guide to conservation planning with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation[M].Arizona,Tucson:USDA,1997.
[7]MARIA J,RAMON B,LUIS J,et al.Effect of vegetal cover on runoff and soil erosion under light intensity events:Rainfall simulation over USLE plots[J].Science of the total environment,2007,378(1/2):161-165.
[8]NAZZARENO D,GIANNI B.Estimating monthly(R)USLE climate input in a Mediterranean region using limited data[J].Journal of hydrology,2007,345(3/4):224-236.
[9]汪邦稳,杨勤科,刘志红,等.基于DEM和GIS的修正通用土壤流失方程地形因子值的提取[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(2):18-23.
[10]梁音,史学正.长江以南东部丘陵山区土壤可蚀性K值研究[J].水土保持研究,1999,6(2):47-52.
[11]DONALD G,GREET G,WOUTER S,et al.Assessment of USLE cover-management C-factors for 40 crop rotation systems on arable farms in the Kemmelbeek watershed,Belgium[J].Soil and tillage research,2003,74(1):47-53.
[12]黄佳鹏,徐萍,邵旭彬,等.基于RS和GIS水土流失敏感性研究与分析—以哈尔滨市宾县为例[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,2014,30(3):170-172.
[13]丁莉,隋晓红,张荣玲.哈尔滨市呼兰区水土流失现状及治理措施[J].水利科技与经济,2007,13(12):930-931.
[14]兰瑜平.哈尔滨市水土流失治理现状及对策研究[C]//李长兴.中国首届城市水土保持学术研讨会论文集.深圳:中国城市水土保持学术研讨会,2013:102-106.
[15]胡良军.基于GIS的区域水土流失定量评价指标研究[J].水土保持通报,1998,18(5):25-28.
[16]WISCKMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting rainfall erosion losses-a guide to conservation planning[M].Arizona,Tucson:USDA,1978.
[17]张旭群,陈耀强,陈浩昆,等.基于GIS和RUSLE的粤东黄冈河流域土壤侵蚀评估[J].中国水土保持,2013(2):34-37.
[18]WILLIAMS JR,RENARD KG,DYKE PT.EPIC:a new method for assessing erosion's effect on soil productivity[J].Journal of soil&water conservation,1983,38(5):381-383.
[19]LIU BY,NEARING MA,SHI PJ,et al.Slope length effection soil loss for steep slopes[J].Soil Society of American journal,2000,64:1759-1763.
[20]蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.
[21]王涛,徐澜,胡阳,等.陕北无定河流域土壤侵蚀与植被覆盖和降雨关系研究[J].水利水电技术,2017,48(6):149-155.
[22]游松财,李文卿.GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀量估算—以江西省泰和县灌溪乡为例[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(1):62-68.
[23]黄金良,洪华生,张珞平,等.基于GIS和USLE的九龙江流域土壤侵蚀量预测研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(5):75-79.
[24]中华人民共和国水利部.黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准:SL 446—2009[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009.