Spatial-temporal Patterns and Driving Forces of Water Retention Service in China
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摘要
Overwhelming water-deficiency conditions and an unbalanced water supply and demand have been major concerns of both the Chinese government and the general public during recent decades. Studying the spatial-temporal patterns and impact factors that influence water retention in China is important to enhance the management of water resources in China and other similar countries. We employed a revised Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST) model and regression analyses to investigate the water retention service in China. The results showed that the southeastern China generally performed much better than Northwest China in terms of the spatial distribution of water retention. In general, the efficacy of the water retention service in China increased from 2000 to 2014; although some areas still had a downward trend. Water retention service increased significantly(P < 0.05) in aggregate in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the Da Hinggan Mountains and Xiao Hinggan Mountains. However, the service in southwestern China showed a decreasing trend(P < 0.05), which would have significant negative impact on the downstream population. This study also showed that in China the changes in water retention service were primarily due to climate change(which could explain 83.49% of the total variance), with anthropogenic impact as a secondary influence(likewise the ecological programs and socioeconomic development could explain 9.47% and 1.06%, respectively). Moreover, the identification of water retention importance indicated that important areas conservation and selection based on downstream beneficiaries is vital for optimization protection of ecosystem services, and has practical significance for natural resources and ecosystem management.
Overwhelming water-deficiency conditions and an unbalanced water supply and demand have been major concerns of both the Chinese government and the general public during recent decades. Studying the spatial-temporal patterns and impact factors that influence water retention in China is important to enhance the management of water resources in China and other similar countries. We employed a revised Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST) model and regression analyses to investigate the water retention service in China. The results showed that the southeastern China generally performed much better than Northwest China in terms of the spatial distribution of water retention. In general, the efficacy of the water retention service in China increased from 2000 to 2014; although some areas still had a downward trend. Water retention service increased significantly(P < 0.05) in aggregate in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the Da Hinggan Mountains and Xiao Hinggan Mountains. However, the service in southwestern China showed a decreasing trend(P < 0.05), which would have significant negative impact on the downstream population. This study also showed that in China the changes in water retention service were primarily due to climate change(which could explain 83.49% of the total variance), with anthropogenic impact as a secondary influence(likewise the ecological programs and socioeconomic development could explain 9.47% and 1.06%, respectively). Moreover, the identification of water retention importance indicated that important areas conservation and selection based on downstream beneficiaries is vital for optimization protection of ecosystem services, and has practical significance for natural resources and ecosystem management.
Overwhelming water-deficiency conditions and an unbalanced water supply and demand have been major concerns of both the Chinese government and the general public during recent decades. Studying the spatial-temporal patterns and impact factors that influence water retention in China is important to enhance the management of water resources in China and other similar countries. We employed a revised Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST) model and regression analyses to investigate the water retention service in China. The results showed that the southeastern China generally performed much better than Northwest China in terms of the spatial distribution of water retention. In general, the efficacy of the water retention service in China increased from 2000 to 2014; although some areas still had a downward trend. Water retention service increased significantly(P < 0.05) in aggregate in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the Da Hinggan Mountains and Xiao Hinggan Mountains. However, the service in southwestern China showed a decreasing trend(P < 0.05), which would have significant negative impact on the downstream population. This study also showed that in China the changes in water retention service were primarily due to climate change(which could explain 83.49% of the total variance), with anthropogenic impact as a secondary influence(likewise the ecological programs and socioeconomic development could explain 9.47% and 1.06%, respectively). Moreover, the identification of water retention importance indicated that important areas conservation and selection based on downstream beneficiaries is vital for optimization protection of ecosystem services, and has practical significance for natural resources and ecosystem management.
引文
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Barano T,McKenzie E,Bhagabati N et al.,2010.TEEB case:Integrating Ecosystem Services into Spatial Planning in Sumatra,Indonesia.Available at:http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/pubs/NatCap_Indonesia_Sumatra_TEEBcase_2010.pdf
Beck H E,McVicar T R,Dijk A I et al.,2011.Global evaluation of four AVHRR-NDVI data sets:Intercomparison and assessment against Landsat imagery.Remote Sensing of Environment,115(10):2547-2563.doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.05.012
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Cao S X,2011.Impact of China’s large-scale ecological restoration program on the environment and society in arid and semiarid areas of China:achievements,problems,synthesis,and applications.Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,41(4):317-335.doi:10.1080/10643380902800034
Chen L,Xie G D,Zhang C S et al.,2011.Modelling ecosystem water supply services across the Lancang River Basin.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2(4):322-327.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-764x.2011.04.005
Cheng H,Hu Y,Zhao J,2009.Meeting China’s water shortage crisis:current practices and challenges.Environmental Science&Technology,43(2):240-4.doi:10.1021/es801934a
Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007.China Sustainable Development Strategy Report 2007-Water:Governance and Innovation.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Crawford N H,Linsley R K,1966.Digital simulation in hydrology,Stanford Watershed Model IV.Technical Report 39,Dept of Civil Engineering.Stanford:Stanford University.
Fan Jie,2014.Influence of MRP and WRP of South-to-North Water Diversion on water resources in water source areas and countermeasures.Yangtz River,45(7):23-26.(in Chinese)
Gao Y,Zhu X J,Yu G R et al.,2014.Water use efficiency threshold for terrestrial ecosystem carbon sequestration under afforestation in China.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,195-196(198):32-37.doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.04.010
Gao Y,Hao Z,Yang T et al.,2017.Effects of atmospheric reactive phosphorus deposition on phosphorus transport in a subtropical watershed:A Chinese case study.Environmental Pollution,226:69-78.doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.067
Goldstein J H,Caldarone G,Colvin C et al.,2010.TEEB case:Integrating ecosystem services into land-use planning in Hawaii,USA.available at:www.TEEBweb.org.
Gong W,Xu D R,Caine E D,2016.Challenges arising from China’s two-child policy.Lancet,387(10025):1274-1274.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30020-4
Hagemann S,Chen C,Clark D B et al.,2013.Climate change impact on available water resources obtained using multiple global climate and hydrology models.Earth System Dynamics,4(1):129-144.doi:10.5194/esd-4-129-2013
Hanjra M A,Qureshi M E,2010.Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change.Food Policy,35(5):365-377.doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.05.006
Hartanto H,Prabhu R,Widayat A S E et al.,2003.Factors affecting runoff and soil erosion:plot-level soil loss monitoring for assessing sustainability of forest management.Forest Ecology&Management,180(1):361-374.doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00656-4
Hutchinson M F,Dan M K,Lawrence K et al.,2009.Development and testing of Canada-wide interpolated spatial models of daily minimum-maximum temperature and precipitation for1961-2003.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,48(4):725-741.doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1979.1
Ivey J L,Smithers J,de Lo?R C et al.,2004.Community capacity for adaptation to climate-induced water shortages:linking institutional complexity and local actors.Environmental Management,33(1):36-47.doi:10.1007/s00267-003-0014-5
Jiang C,Wang F,Zhang H et al.,2016.Quantifying changes in multiple ecosystem services during 2000-2012 on the loess plateau,China,as a result of climate variability and ecological restoration.Ecological Engineering,97:258-271.doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.10.030
Jiang Y,2015.China’s water security:Current status,emerging challenges and future prospects.Environmental Science&Policy,54:106-125.doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.06.006
Johnson F,Hutchinson M F,The C et al.,2016.Topographic relationships for design rainfalls over Australia.Journal of Hydrology,533:439-451.doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.035
Kareiva P,Tallis H,Ricketts T H et al.,2011.Natural Capital:Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services.New York:Oxford Univ Press.
Leavesley G H,Lichty R W,Troutman B M et al.,1983.Precipitation runoff modeling system:user’s manual.Landolt-B?rnsteinGroup II Molecules and Radicals,4(4):206-207.
Liu J G,Yang W,2012.Water Sustainability for China and Beyond.Science,337(6095):649-650.doi:10.1126/science.1219471
Mandle L,Tallis H,Sotomayor L et al.,2015.Who loses?Tracking ecosystem service redistribution from road development and mitigation in the Peruvian Amazon.Frontiers in Ecology&the Environment,13(6):309-315.doi:10.1890/140337
McCabe G J,Wolock D M,2007.Warming may create substantial water supply shortages in the Colorado River basin.Geophysical Research Letters,34(22):60-64.doi:10.1029/2007GL031764
Miao C Y,Borthwick A G L,Liu H H et al.,2015.China’s policy on dams at the crossroads:removal or further construction.Water,7:2349-2357.doi:10.3390/w7052349
Millennium Assessment(MA),2005.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment-Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing:General Synthesis.Washington,DC:Island Press.
Monteith J L,1965.Evaporation and environment.Symposium of the Society of Experimental Biology,19:205-224.PMID5321565.
Mu Q,Zhao M,Running S W,2011.Improvements to a MODISglobal terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm.Remote Sensing of Environment,115:1781-1800.doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.019
Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Xiao Y et al.,2016.Improvements in
ecosystem services from investments in natural capital.Science,352(6292):1455-1459.doi:10.1126/science.aaf2295
Piao S L,Wang X H,Ciais P et al.,2011.Changes in satellitederived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006.Global Change Biology,17(10):3228-3239.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02419.x
Rao E M,Ouyang Z Y,Yu X X et al.,2014.Spatial patterns and impacts of soil conservation service in China.Geomorphology,207(3):64-70.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.10.027
State Water Agency,2000-2015.China Water Resources Bulletin.Beijing:China Water Power Press.(in Chinese)
Tallis H T,Ricketts T,Nelson E et al.,2010.InVEST 1.005 Beta User’s Guide.The Natural Capital Project.Stanford:Washington DC.
Wang F,2014.What will happen if China adopts a two-child policy?New Scientist,221(2961):26-27.doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60581-9
Wang S,Zhang Z,2011.Effects of climate change on water resources in China.Climate Research,47(1):77-82.doi:10.3354/cr00965
Xiao Y,Xiao Q,Ouyang Z Y et al.,2015.Assessing changes in water flow regulation in Chongqing region,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,187(6):362.doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4370-4
Xu K,Yang D W,Yang H B et al.,2015.Spatio-temporal variation of drought in China during 1961-2012:A climatic perspective.Journal of Hydrology,526:253-264.doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.047
Yu G,Yang Y,Tu Z et al.,2016.Modeling the water-satisfied degree for production of the main food crops in china.Science of the Total Environment,547:215-225.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.105
Zhang C Q,Li W H,Zhang B et al.,2012.Water yield of Xitiaoxi River Basin based on InVEST modeling.Journal of Resources&Ecology,3(1):050-054.doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2012.01.008
Zhang P,Shao G,Zhao G et al.,2000.China’s forest policy for the 21st century.Science,288(5474):2135-2136.doi:10.1126/science.288.5474.2135
Zhang L,Dawes W R,Walker G R,2001.Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetationchanges at catchment scale.Water Resources Research,37(3):701-708.doi:10.1029/2000WR900325
Zhao Renjun,1984.Hydrological Simulation for BasinXinanjiang Model and Shanbei Model.Beijing:China Water Power Press.(in Chinese)
Zhao Tongqian,2004.Research on China Terrestrial Ecosystem Services and Their Valuation.Beijing:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.(in Chinese)
Zheng H,Li Y F,Robinson B E et al.,2016.Using ecosystem service trade-offs to inform water conservation policies and management practices.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,14(10):527-532.doi:10.1002/fee.1432
Bai Zhongqiang,Wang juanle,Yang Yaping,Sun Jiulin,2015.Characterizing spatial patterns of population distribution at township level across the 25 provinces in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,70(8):1229-1242.(in Chinese)
Barano T,McKenzie E,Bhagabati N et al.,2010.TEEB case:Integrating Ecosystem Services into Spatial Planning in Sumatra,Indonesia.Available at:http://www.naturalcapitalproject.org/pubs/NatCap_Indonesia_Sumatra_TEEBcase_2010.pdf
Beck H E,McVicar T R,Dijk A I et al.,2011.Global evaluation of four AVHRR-NDVI data sets:Intercomparison and assessment against Landsat imagery.Remote Sensing of Environment,115(10):2547-2563.doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.05.012
Brown L R,1995.Who Will Feed China?Wake-up Call for a Small Planet.London:Earthscan Publications.
Cao S X,2011.Impact of China’s large-scale ecological restoration program on the environment and society in arid and semiarid areas of China:achievements,problems,synthesis,and applications.Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,41(4):317-335.doi:10.1080/10643380902800034
Chen L,Xie G D,Zhang C S et al.,2011.Modelling ecosystem water supply services across the Lancang River Basin.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2(4):322-327.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-764x.2011.04.005
Cheng H,Hu Y,Zhao J,2009.Meeting China’s water shortage crisis:current practices and challenges.Environmental Science&Technology,43(2):240-4.doi:10.1021/es801934a
Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007.China Sustainable Development Strategy Report 2007-Water:Governance and Innovation.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Crawford N H,Linsley R K,1966.Digital simulation in hydrology,Stanford Watershed Model IV.Technical Report 39,Dept of Civil Engineering.Stanford:Stanford University.
Fan Jie,2014.Influence of MRP and WRP of South-to-North Water Diversion on water resources in water source areas and countermeasures.Yangtz River,45(7):23-26.(in Chinese)
Gao Y,Zhu X J,Yu G R et al.,2014.Water use efficiency threshold for terrestrial ecosystem carbon sequestration under afforestation in China.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,195-196(198):32-37.doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.04.010
Gao Y,Hao Z,Yang T et al.,2017.Effects of atmospheric reactive phosphorus deposition on phosphorus transport in a subtropical watershed:A Chinese case study.Environmental Pollution,226:69-78.doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.067
Goldstein J H,Caldarone G,Colvin C et al.,2010.TEEB case:Integrating ecosystem services into land-use planning in Hawaii,USA.available at:www.TEEBweb.org.
Gong W,Xu D R,Caine E D,2016.Challenges arising from China’s two-child policy.Lancet,387(10025):1274-1274.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30020-4
Hagemann S,Chen C,Clark D B et al.,2013.Climate change impact on available water resources obtained using multiple global climate and hydrology models.Earth System Dynamics,4(1):129-144.doi:10.5194/esd-4-129-2013
Hanjra M A,Qureshi M E,2010.Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change.Food Policy,35(5):365-377.doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.05.006
Hartanto H,Prabhu R,Widayat A S E et al.,2003.Factors affecting runoff and soil erosion:plot-level soil loss monitoring for assessing sustainability of forest management.Forest Ecology&Management,180(1):361-374.doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00656-4
Hutchinson M F,Dan M K,Lawrence K et al.,2009.Development and testing of Canada-wide interpolated spatial models of daily minimum-maximum temperature and precipitation for1961-2003.Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology,48(4):725-741.doi:10.1175/2008JAMC1979.1
Ivey J L,Smithers J,de Lo?R C et al.,2004.Community capacity for adaptation to climate-induced water shortages:linking institutional complexity and local actors.Environmental Management,33(1):36-47.doi:10.1007/s00267-003-0014-5
Jiang C,Wang F,Zhang H et al.,2016.Quantifying changes in multiple ecosystem services during 2000-2012 on the loess plateau,China,as a result of climate variability and ecological restoration.Ecological Engineering,97:258-271.doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.10.030
Jiang Y,2015.China’s water security:Current status,emerging challenges and future prospects.Environmental Science&Policy,54:106-125.doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.06.006
Johnson F,Hutchinson M F,The C et al.,2016.Topographic relationships for design rainfalls over Australia.Journal of Hydrology,533:439-451.doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.035
Kareiva P,Tallis H,Ricketts T H et al.,2011.Natural Capital:Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services.New York:Oxford Univ Press.
Leavesley G H,Lichty R W,Troutman B M et al.,1983.Precipitation runoff modeling system:user’s manual.Landolt-B?rnsteinGroup II Molecules and Radicals,4(4):206-207.
Liu J G,Yang W,2012.Water Sustainability for China and Beyond.Science,337(6095):649-650.doi:10.1126/science.1219471
Mandle L,Tallis H,Sotomayor L et al.,2015.Who loses?Tracking ecosystem service redistribution from road development and mitigation in the Peruvian Amazon.Frontiers in Ecology&the Environment,13(6):309-315.doi:10.1890/140337
McCabe G J,Wolock D M,2007.Warming may create substantial water supply shortages in the Colorado River basin.Geophysical Research Letters,34(22):60-64.doi:10.1029/2007GL031764
Miao C Y,Borthwick A G L,Liu H H et al.,2015.China’s policy on dams at the crossroads:removal or further construction.Water,7:2349-2357.doi:10.3390/w7052349
Millennium Assessment(MA),2005.Millennium Ecosystem Assessment-Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing:General Synthesis.Washington,DC:Island Press.
Monteith J L,1965.Evaporation and environment.Symposium of the Society of Experimental Biology,19:205-224.PMID5321565.
Mu Q,Zhao M,Running S W,2011.Improvements to a MODISglobal terrestrial evapotranspiration algorithm.Remote Sensing of Environment,115:1781-1800.doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.02.019
Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Xiao Y et al.,2016.Improvements in
ecosystem services from investments in natural capital.Science,352(6292):1455-1459.doi:10.1126/science.aaf2295
Piao S L,Wang X H,Ciais P et al.,2011.Changes in satellitederived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006.Global Change Biology,17(10):3228-3239.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02419.x
Rao E M,Ouyang Z Y,Yu X X et al.,2014.Spatial patterns and impacts of soil conservation service in China.Geomorphology,207(3):64-70.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.10.027
State Water Agency,2000-2015.China Water Resources Bulletin.Beijing:China Water Power Press.(in Chinese)
Tallis H T,Ricketts T,Nelson E et al.,2010.InVEST 1.005 Beta User’s Guide.The Natural Capital Project.Stanford:Washington DC.
Wang F,2014.What will happen if China adopts a two-child policy?New Scientist,221(2961):26-27.doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(14)60581-9
Wang S,Zhang Z,2011.Effects of climate change on water resources in China.Climate Research,47(1):77-82.doi:10.3354/cr00965
Xiao Y,Xiao Q,Ouyang Z Y et al.,2015.Assessing changes in water flow regulation in Chongqing region,China.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,187(6):362.doi:10.1007/s10661-015-4370-4
Xu K,Yang D W,Yang H B et al.,2015.Spatio-temporal variation of drought in China during 1961-2012:A climatic perspective.Journal of Hydrology,526:253-264.doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.047
Yu G,Yang Y,Tu Z et al.,2016.Modeling the water-satisfied degree for production of the main food crops in china.Science of the Total Environment,547:215-225.doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.105
Zhang C Q,Li W H,Zhang B et al.,2012.Water yield of Xitiaoxi River Basin based on InVEST modeling.Journal of Resources&Ecology,3(1):050-054.doi:10.5814/j.issn.1674-764x.2012.01.008
Zhang P,Shao G,Zhao G et al.,2000.China’s forest policy for the 21st century.Science,288(5474):2135-2136.doi:10.1126/science.288.5474.2135
Zhang L,Dawes W R,Walker G R,2001.Response of mean annual evapotranspiration to vegetationchanges at catchment scale.Water Resources Research,37(3):701-708.doi:10.1029/2000WR900325
Zhao Renjun,1984.Hydrological Simulation for BasinXinanjiang Model and Shanbei Model.Beijing:China Water Power Press.(in Chinese)
Zhao Tongqian,2004.Research on China Terrestrial Ecosystem Services and Their Valuation.Beijing:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.(in Chinese)
Zheng H,Li Y F,Robinson B E et al.,2016.Using ecosystem service trade-offs to inform water conservation policies and management practices.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,14(10):527-532.doi:10.1002/fee.1432