Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plants can be powered solely with renewable energy.

Single-axis, fixed-tilted PV and wind energy offer optimal renewable energy systems globally.

Batteries and power-to-gas provide the optimal energy storage solution.

2030 global water costs for the proposed system lie between 0.59 €/m³–2.81 €/m³.

Costs include water production, transportation to water demand site and storage.