Among six catalysts, K₂CO₃ was the best leading to the highest biocrude yield of 61.8%.

Biocrude from K₂CO₃ had a HHV of 33.1 MJ/kg and low content of N and S.

Phenolics were the most abundant compounds identified in the three biocrudes with the highest yields.

The aqueous phase samples analyzed had COD of 20,000–26,000 mg/L and 5–65 mg/L of TN and TP.