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Background
Itch impairs the quality of life for many patients with dermatoses, especially atopic dermatitis (AD), and is frequently induced by a warm environment.
Objective
To determine the mechanism underlying itch induction by warmth, we focused on artemin, a member of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors (GDNFs).
Methods
A gene array assay revealed that artemin was expressed in substance P-treated dermal fibroblasts. The expression of artemin in healthy and AD-lesional skin was evaluated with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The impact of fibroblast-derived artemin on the proliferation and morphology of neural cell was investigated in?vitro. To confirm the involvement of artemin in skin sensibility, wild-type and GDNF family receptor ¦Á3 knockout mice were employed for sensory examination.
Results
Artemin-expressing fibroblasts accumulated in skin lesions of patients with AD. Artemin induced cell proliferation of a neuroblastoma cell line in?vitro, and intradermal injection of artemin in mice resulted in peripheral nerve sprouting and thermal hyperalgesia. Artemin-treated mice demonstrated scratching behavior in a warm environment, but mice deficient for GDNF family receptor ¦Á3, a potent artemin receptor, did not show this behavior. Furthermore, the escaping response to heat stimulus was attenuated in GDNF family receptor ¦Á3 knockout mice, suggesting that artemin may contribute to sensitivity to heat.
Conclusion
These data suggest that dermal fibroblasts secrete artemin in response to substance P, leading to abnormal peripheral innvervation and thermal hyperalgesia. We hypothesize that artemin lowers the threshold of temperature-dependent itch sensation and might therefore be a novel therapeutic target for treating pruritic skin disorders, including AD.
