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Abstract
Heav
y oil and bitumen recover
y cost are excessive mainl
y due to high energ
y requirement to generate heat and its environmental impacts. Steam Assisted Gravit
y Drainage (SAGD) is an example of this case. The determination of optimal operating conditions, such as injection rates and well locations, based on reservoir and fluid characteristics is essential in the design of field applications.
Many Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) optimization studies published in the literature combined numerical simulation with graphical or analytical techniques for design and performance evaluation. There have been limited efforts that integrated the simulation exercise with global optimization algorithms. Some studies focused on optimization of cumulative steam-to-oil ratio (cSOR) in SAGD by altering steam injection rates, while others focused on optimization of cumulative net energy-to-oil ratio (cEOR) in solvent-additive SAGD by altering injection pressures and fraction of solvent in the injection stream. Typical scoring functions were the net present value per hectare of land (NPV/ha) by controlling steam and solvent rates. Several studies also considered total project net present value calculation by changing total project area, capital cost intensities, solvent prices, discount rate, and risk factors to determine the well spacing and drilling schedule. Optimization techniques commonly used in those studies were scattered search, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithm (GA). In continuation of these efforts, we focused on optimizing the SAGD process and its extension to solvent-additive SAGD and several optimization techniques including simulated annealing and genetic algorithm were tested and compared. Additional procedures were incorporated to improve the implementation configuration and initial population or seed. The objective function was defined to obtain the lowest cumulative steam-oil ratio (cSOR) and highest recovery factor. It was used later as a scoring function by changing solvent-to-steam ratio and steam injection rates. The results in this paper can be implemented directly in the efforts of minimization of cost and environmental impacts while accelerating the recovery in SAGD.
