Mitochondrial biogenesis is regulated also through TFAM–mtDNA interactions.

TFAM–mtDNA interactions are modulated by expression, turnover and binding of TFAM.

TFAM binding is modulated by post-translational modifications and affinity to mtDNA.

TFAM sliding, cooperativity and proteins complexes modulate interactions with mtDNA.

Aging and calorie restriction present various modulations of TFAM–mtDNA interactions.