Mitochondrial transfer between mammalian cells has been demonstrated in cell co-culture experiments.

Mitochondrial transfer between cells has been shown in mouse models of lung injury and inflammation.

mtDNA transfer to tumor cells without mtDNA has been unequivocally documented in mouse models.

Mitochondrial transfer between neurons and astrocytes has been shown to occur in mouse retinal ganglion axons at the optic nerve head.

Mitochondrial transfer to transmissible canine venereal tumors is implied from phylogenetic approaches.