Nodularin induces tumor necrosis factor-alpha and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and leads to induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress
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Toxicity of nodularin and its mechanisms of action are poorly understood.

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We investigated mechanisms of nodularin toxicity in human liver cell lines and human hepatocytes.

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We identified several pathways involved in nodularin toxicity.

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Nodularin induces TNF-α, MAPK pathway and ER stress

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These activated pathways may contribute to the hepatotoxic and tumorigenic action of nodularin.

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