Yields and environmental quality in rice–turtle coculture (RT) were tested.

Turtle and rice yields in RT were similar to those in turtle monoculture (TM) and rice monoculture (RM).

N and P increased in field water and soil in TM but not in RT or RM.

Only about 20% of feed-N and 23% of feed-P were assimilated by turtles.

The unconsumed feed-N and -P were used by rice plants in RT.