In this study, coatings of cross-linked gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on flexible polyethylene (PE) subst
rates were prepared via layer-by-layer deposition and their application as st
rain gauges and chemiresistors was investigated. Special emphasis was placed on cha
racterizing the influence of st
rain on the chemiresistive responses. The coatings were deposited using amine stabilized AuNPs (4 and 9 nm diameter) and 1,9-nonanedithiol (NDT) or pentaerythritol tet
rakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PTM) as cross-linkers. To prepare films with homogeneous optical appea
rance, it was necessary to treat the subst
rates with oxygen plasma directly before film assembly. SEM images revealed film thicknesses between 60 and 90 nm and a porous nanoscale morphology. All films showed ohmic I-V cha
racteristics with conductivities
ranging from 1 脳 10
鈥? to 1 脳 10
鈥? 惟
鈥? cm
鈥?, depending on the structure of the linker and the nanoparticle size. When up to 3% st
rain was induced their resistance increased linearly and reversibly (gauge factors: 20). A compa
rative SEM investigation indicated that the stress induced formation and extension of nanoc
racks are important components of the signal t
ransduction mechanism. Further, all films responded with a reversible increase in resistance when dosed with toluene, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 1-propanol or water vapor (concent
rations: 50鈥?0 000 ppm). Films deposited onto high density PE subst
rates showed much faster response-recovery dynamics than films deposited onto low density PE. The chemical selectivity of the coatings was controlled by the chemical nature of the cross-linkers, with the highest sensitivities (1 脳 10
鈥? ppm
鈥?) measured with analytes of matching solubility. The response isotherms of all film/vapor pairs could be fitted using a Langmuir鈥揌enry model suggesting selective and bulk sorption. Under tensile stress (1% st
rain) all chemiresistors showed a reversible increase in their response amplitudes (30%), regardless of the analytes鈥?permittivity. Taking into conside
ration the thermally activated tunneling model for charge t
ransport, this behavior was assigned to stress induced formation of nanoc
racks, which enhance the films鈥?ability to swell in late
ral direction during analyte sorption.
Keywords:
gold; nanoparticle; film; coating; polyethylene; chemiresistor; rain+gauge&qsSearchArea=searchText">strain gauge