Ethanol Attracts Scolytid Beetles to Phytophthora ramorum Cankers on Coast Live Oak

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• 作者：Rick G. Kelsey (1)
  Maia M. Beh (2)
  David C. Shaw (2)
  Daniel K. Manter (3)
  
• 关键词：Quercus agrifolia ; Ambrosia beetles ; Bark beetles ; Deterrents ; (鈭? ; 伪 ; Pinene ; 4 ; Allyanisole ; Ethanol ; Phytophthora ramorum ; Sudden oak death
• 刊名：Journal of Chemical Ecology
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：April 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：39
• 期：4
• 页码：494-506
• 全文大小：410KB
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• 作者单位：Rick G. Kelsey (1)
  Maia M. Beh (2)
  David C. Shaw (2)
  Daniel K. Manter (3)
  
  1. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
  2. Department of Forest Engineering, Resources & Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
  3. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ft. Collins, CO, 80526, USA
  

文摘

Ethanol in sapwood was analyzed along vertical transects, through small spot cankers and larger basal cankers, of Phytophthora ramorum-infected stems of Quercus agrifolia at three sites in California. Trees with large basal cankers, known to attract scolytid beetles, had a 4.3 times higher ethanol level than trees with spot cankers that attract fewer beetles. Ethanol concentrations inside cankers, where scolytid beetles preferentially attack, varied by about four orders of magnitude among samples, with a median level of 16.0聽渭g.g鈭? fresh mass. This concentration was 4.3 and 15.5 times greater, respectively, than the concentrations at 1聽cm or 15鈥?0聽cm outside the canker boundaries. In the laboratory, we demonstrated that ethanol escaped through the bark of a Q. garryana log just 3聽days after it was added to the sapwood. At the three study sites, traps baited with ethanol captured more Xyleborinus saxesenii, Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis, and Monarthrum dentiger (all Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) than traps baited with ethanol plus (鈭?-伪-pinene, or ethanol plus 4-allylanisole (4AA). Logs of Q. agrifolia with a 50聽% ethanol solution added to the sapwood were placed at the study sites, with or without additional bark treatments above the ethanol. The number of scolytid beetle gallery holes above the ethanol-infused sapwood was 4.4 times greater than that on the opposite side of the log where no ethanol was added. Attachment of ultra-high release (鈭?-伪-pinene pouches to the bark surface above the 50聽% ethanol solution reduced scolytid attacks to a density of 19.1聽% that of logs without this treatment. We conclude that ethanol in P. ramorum cankers functions as a primary host attractant for scolytid beetles and is an important link in colonization of these cankers and accelerated mortality of Q. agrifolia. The results of this research shed light on the chemical ecology behind the focused scolytid attacks on P. ramorum-infected coast live oaks, and lay the groundwork for future efforts to prolong the survival of individual trees of this keystone species.